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<Paper uid="I05-2002">
  <Title>A Hierarchical Parsing Approach with Punctuation Processing for Long Chinese Sentences</Title>
  <Section position="3" start_page="0" end_page="7" type="relat">
    <SectionTitle>
2 Related Work
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> Nunberg's The Linguistics of Punctuation [2] is the foundation for most of the latter researches  in syntactic account of punctuation. In his important study, he advocates two separate grammars, operating at different levels. A lexical grammar accounts for the text-categories (text-clauses, text-phrases) occurring between the punctuation marks, and a text grammar deals with the structure of punctuation, and the relation of those marks to the lexical expressions they separate.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> Based on above theory, Jones proposes his method which uses an integrated grammar. He divided punctuations into conjoining and adjoining punctuation. Conjoining punctuations can be used to indicate coordinate relationship between components. Adjoining punctuations, otherwise, only can be attached to their adjacent sentence components. In Jones' theory, in a sense, conjoining punctuation could also be treated under the adjunctive principle [3]. So, punctuations in his theory are still attached to adjacent lexical expressions. An integrated syntactic punctuation grammar is given.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> Jones' method shows good modularity.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> However, the grammars he designed can only cover a subset of all punctuation phenomena.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4"> His experiment shows that when parsing a set of ten previously unseen punctuationally complex sentences, seven of the ten are unparsable! In Chinese, Zhou Qiang[6] has used punctuations to do automatic acquisition of coordinate phrases. In machine translation, Chengqing Zong[7] and Huang He-yan[8] have used punctuations associating with relative pronouns to segment complex sentences into several independent simple sentences. Above all, none of previous work has carried out a thorough study on punctuations from the syntactic point of view.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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