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<?xml version="1.0" standalone="yes"?> <Paper uid="C96-1064"> <Title>Resolving syntactic ambiguities with lexico-semantic patterns: an analogy-based approach(*)</Title> <Section position="4" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> 2 The problem </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> A crucial problem in pa.rsing Italian is tll(; assignmenL of subject a.nd object relations to sentence constituents. It, is ot'te.n the case that grmmna.l:ieal relations cannot be a.ssigned unambiguously on the basis of morpho-syntactic informa%ion only: in the sentence il bambino leggc il libro 'the child reads the book' agreement information is not decisive for SOA sin(y, both nominal constituents agree with the w;rb. On the other hmtd, word of der informa, tioll cannot be relied on con(:lusively due to the freedom allowed in the ordering o\[' sentem:e constituents in Italian, where virtually all permutations of verb, subjeel; ~utd object a.re possi hie.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> The and)iguities sl;emming fl:om this \[\]:e+'dom are ubiquitous and represent a problem fbr a.ny NI,P system dealing with Ira\]Jan, a. proMem to whose resolution a wide wwiety of fa.ctors, bol;h linguistic (i.e. phonological, morphologi(:al, sy, tactic, lexieo-semmltic a.nd pragmatic) a.nd ext.ralinguistic (i.e. ba.sed on world knowledge), contril)utes, llere, we (:oncentral:e on how morl)hosynta,etiea,lly ambiguous SOAs can I)e solved on the basis of lexico-semantic knowh'dge; in pa.rtieular, the focus is on the texieo-sema.ntic restrictions that a. verb or a noun imposes on its context.</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="5" start_page="0" end_page="379" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> 3 On the nature of lexico-semantic </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> knowledge '\['he lexico-sem~:mdc knowledge used for our pur-poses consists of typical Verl)-Sul}jecl,/Object (VSO) co-oecllrrence patl;erits~ &ul;orn&tieal|y acquired from MI{Ds, whose single elements are ex- null i)i'++ss++<l as individual words. 'l'hes+, I)al, torns ;/.re ol' a tiel,orc)k,jenoc, its nnl, nl'o ;t.li(I i'Ol;,rf':<elit+ both lil,-</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> i,i<)us wllidl ili(:lllcl(~ i(liosyll('l+aLic ('(+ll()<:;l+l,i()ns (as ill C/ioll#ltlf'~/f'T(-(l.'+;.<+;cL'i:';/#lio 'COIIIIIliJ, IIIIII'CI(W ~, \vJit' t>(~ a<'~sft.s',siH, iO <:;l.iilIOI, I)o rq)ht(:('<l I)y aiO, qqiiali{,i.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="3"> ca.lly e<.lniv;il(~ni, word su(:il it.,': u('+'i+Tr>#t( &quot;killill~') ;~,', wNI a.~ i',;'plular (to-()(t(NIl'l'l+qi(~o i'e~i,i'{cii+ms (as iii +t/H+7'l'+:-\]JO#'l(! 'Ol)t'~ll (l(),.)i&quot;. W\]i~'l'(! \]J(>i'/+7 i.<4 a I,.vl>icM illSl,;}ltC.('~ +.)\[' t,\[il'> class of &quot;()IJ(~tinl)\[l'C/ ' C/,i,i.ds).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="4"> ,+&quot;gnch a. t,yl)oh:)gy ol + dal,a I'a.i,~(>,~ 1.\[l+' (liLeM.ion <)1' vvli(qlher ;t.mt how well I);il, l.~l'lis aC(lliii'ed i+i+oni did,i()narie,~ ;t.ll(\[ (~xl)ress,:~(I ill \[,(Wills C)\[' iltdivi<l Ila.\[ wor(\]s <:;i.ll I)c use.d \]'l)r (\]isnliihi~na.l,ion i)iir i)os(m:. In I,he i'(~cenl~ lil,<+i'rtt;nr+L 'l'sliiii ~i~ a.I.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="5"> (1!)97) a.ii<:l i lira+It<' ;t~+l I/.<)oi,ll (19!);I) a.iiioii<u; (+l,li ('I'S IIS(' \[)lIFO word co o(t(Hll'l'(ll(tO ilil'orlli;/.i,ioii ~l(;qitire(i l'rolll I,cxl,u;li ('()ll)Ol+;t For (l(';iliil<% wii.h i);!1',~ iii~ i)r()l)leiii,~ sn(:h ;is I)r('l><~sil,it+>iial I>llr;tst~ at.l,~ldiliieiil.+ I,~'xi~'nl acqtii,~il.ioii is ('at'rie(I (~til. + ii I~ll'<<<_+;( ' t,(!xl~nal (!()l'l)(;,i+;t I)y lil,TqiliS ol'sl,ai,isl.h'al t.echiiiqii~s, ;vliere.I)y (~ax:h i)a.ir ol + (~() ()(:(:ili'liil~ woi+(I,<~ {~ Slil)i>licd wii, h ;t lii(:ilSlll'C of i,heir n,~social.ioii sl~r~ii~/,h.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="6"> (lle;irly, when il, COllie,'-, 1,o +lnl,n n(~qliired J'l'Olii dhq,hma,rics it, lii;/.l(eS liO SOli,<4(' I() I+(~l\: ,~)li lii(W/~ilt'eS of~lsso(~hll,ion ~t;l:eli{>~l~h, ;is e;idi i)al.ix~rn is lisuall.v nl.t,(!si,ed olily oii(u:L t~lor~'o\:er, t.lie (+vera\[I lililllllCl + of (lift'+~r<mi, (~xi, rad,e(I i)al,l;(q:iis i~ c+'ri.aiilly ,~lil~lller I,ha.n if i, he acqni~ii+ion ~,,;(~i'(~ I)(rf(n'titecl ()It largo l,~xi, n0.1 (:orl)ora.. 'l'his iiia.kes /.ll<' is<~tie ()f g(~ii(q'a.li s;i.l,ion ov<~r in(tivi<.lu;t.I l)al, t,+n'ii;~ lii(>l'O ('ru('i;il 1,ha.n ,,.viLh (tai;a acqnired \['lK)iii t,+xi,naJ (~()l'l)()i'n.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="7"> 'l'rn(lit, iona.I (~XaJlil)l(~-Ims+~(i \[,e('inlRlnc~ a(l(Ir(~ss iJlis is~iie I)y ushi~ n. 1,h(~,~a.nrlis 1,(i (';llculal,e. I,he lllal,(:h I)el,we(~n i,he hil)ul, t,o I>~' disainl>iEita.t,+~(l ~tli(l I,he. I(iiowii exa.nll)les. 'l&quot;(,i,, t, li(~ l,li,:~s~itii'ii,'.~ (:a. I) I,ill'eS only (:<,rl;n.in kiiids ()\[' r(~lal;it+JliS\]til)~ I)('i,w(~(m w()rtls, iitt.iii(~Ly syiioiiynty an(I liyl)(~roii):niy, r(!la I;ioil~ whMi (Io nol; ('xh~i.liSl, i,h~' lilaiiy sali~iii, disi,iiid,ioi~ all+(,(q, ing v,,or<l ('() o('cii/'l'l:li(!o. 'l'hi<~ i)oiui, lias I)e.<&quot;ti raised in t,he (~xa.iill)l(!-I)n~e(I lil.eral, ul+(~ I)y Nire:nl)ur~ el; al. (199:I) au~l t}rani<)t.o (199:1): iii or(ler I,o (~oiiil)l<'nieitl, l, li(~stt.ui;i/\[ r01al, iOlishJ\])s, Nit~onl)llr~ el; ;I.\]. i;c.sorl, I,o iliOl'l)\[io\[()Tj(~nl ili\['Ol'lit:+l. -I,ioii a.ncl a.ni,on.yiiis, wli(~re.a.s (\]rn.liiOl,O iis(~:-+ '+(x)n .innd,iv(~ r~;~hti, i<)lishit)s&quot; a(:qnired \['l+(llil ('Ol'p()l'Ft. (i.(&quot;. w()r(Is, stich as se({ileli(:(~s ()1' ;/.(:l, if)ii,,4, wlliNi al)l)enr i,o~'l,lier hi (:oot'(linat,+~(l sl;rli(:l,tlr('s).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="8"> ~(:t;s o\[' S(~lii;i.lil, ici+..lly siniila.r v,;()rds ('n.li al~() Im ili\['(,i;r<,d I'roiii l.h(>ir (I\]sl,vi\])tit;iou (llarris, I!)($~): ~mch liOllll (';/11 I)e Ntaract,+'ris~'C/l a(:cordiu:>~ i,cJ 1,\[1(~ v(,.rl)s it~ a.l>pea.rs ~,vit;l~ as a stil)je.(:l; or ol)icc(~; situi null larty, ca<:h vel'l)(:a.u t)c classilicd ott tlhc basis of t, ttc s,tl)j(;ct~ or ol)j<+('i, nottNs it <~<)-<)<:<'ur+ wit;It, Words o(:<mi'rhlg iu t, hc s;une cont, ext, cau bc <:ta'~siii+>d +is sema, utica, liy simila, r, a, lt,hough i,he sintiht.rii~v ill t, his (:asc is gi'omMe.d on some t:ovcrt; t)rol>crl,i<+s, as shown l>y lliudh+' (l,()!)()) who <h;rivt~d s(>ulattt, itally rcta+i,cd dasscs uf notltls \['l:Otit L\[IOiI' Syltl,~IC null i,iC disl;ril)ttt, iou. lit lJte (+xa, nil)le-l)a,s(>(l lilx;ra, t, ur<~, a. conl;ext,-I)a.sed a.l)l)ron.(:h is a.dol)l,c(t l)y I\]rn.lrlol;o (1!)94) t)ul, is i:csia'ici,(x |I,o l;llc l;r+;i.iA, ine.nl, o\[ + till J<:nowli wor(Is only.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="9"> ~ll Ill nti lig tt i)> l)a.t,t, ern:-; n.llt,Oil ia.l;i(:aJ ly cxi;ra.('t,e(l fl'(liii M lt.I)s are hl&quot;.t,c:l'Og(+nl;OllS iii l,heh' iinillr(~ +lli(l CtmSl;llL, ltl,l+ it relal, ivel,y sln;t.tl collect, ion (>1' dai,a which II(;('.(i Im g('.nera.lis(;(l ('>v(~r sonl(~ii()v,:. (',lcarly, any sel\[Ll0al'nhigj a,lgorii;tiui t,ra.iucd ou i,heln lia:; to i)ro('ec(I vvit, h (:arc, l,hrongJl st,Cl)VViSo ca.nl,ious i ii\['e+i:encc's ra.l;/le.r t, ha.ii sw+'cpili~ ~('.n<+rnlisni, iou,,,.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="10"> An a.l)l)rOl)rii:/Le hlFer(mt, i;_tl sl,l'rt.l,e~y +lioiild exl)loii, bolh hiherenl, soiiin.ililic I)rof)erl,ies of word,--: (as re\[l+>ci,<+d I)y l,hesatlra.I i'ela.l,ionshit)s ) ;tit(t disi,rilm-I,ioilal shuilarit, ics.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="11"> 4: llesolution of ambiguous SOAs ,<'dcuS()l~, is a. specia.liscd vct'sion o\[' a. ~m<~ra.I Imt'l>O,se, lauguage-h.+at:ning sysi, ctn (l:cdcrici, I~.}!)I; Pirrclli, l!)!J:I; l:c(l<~rici el. aJ., 1.994). Ana.logy i~ l.lm fulKlmlictlt, a.l priucipl~' which lies bchhld ils fulu: t.kmiug aud archil,ecl,ur+L lh'oa.dly ,N>~m.kin0~, g<ul..</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="12"> ~ralisa.i, iou I)y analogy is dNiucd us I+ll(, itlf'crcmi, ial ilmul/i,iery l,hrough which ;tu uukt/own liu~ui~l;ic oh,loci; (l;li~'; &quot;i~a,rge+(, ol).iecl,&quot; or '1'0) is .,-;+'on a:-: au aua, logue I,o a,lrca.dy l,:n<:::ll ol)ject;s (l;h(~ &quot;l)asc oI) ,iecl,s&quot; or l}().s) so l, ha.I; wha,l,,r~v<,r l)iec(, of (lillu;ui.,-, t, ic) hlforma, i, ion is a<xluirc<l a.l)oul, i,ho la,l+l~C/~r can l)e use, d t,o nt;d,:e l)re.di(:i;ion,~ M)out l,\[ie l'ortne.r I+oo.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="13"> \[degor l~he l)res('nl; l)ttrl>os('s, this tltea, t)+s l,h;i,t, a,n ~i,iii l)iguous BOA is solved on i, lt(~ ha,sis of ii,s a, naJogy t,o a, lrca,dy \['a.tuiliu, r scttlx+tmcs whose gl'a.\[ll\[lln, Lic;:l.l rela.lAons a.ro Mrca,(ly known.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="14"> Sctff:;()l~,'s hfferc, tH,iaJ roui;inc rc(itdrcs: i) a, st, L'uct;tn'+2d (la,l,a, sel~ o\[' l~()s ,:'.ottsl;il, ul+hlg I(I}; ii) a, 'I'0 I,o I)e inl;erpret:ed; iii) a, l)esi,-a, naJogti(>(s) f'ilt~Ct, ion l)roj(+,(:|,hlg 'l'O onLo l(l} for l,he best, a.nalogut';(>+-+) Ix)l)e, select,e(l.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="15"> 4.t The, inl, e, rnal archlf, e+cf,-u:rc of KB 'l'h<'. ittt, e.vuaJ orga,nisa, t, ion of l(l} pl;i+ys a, crucial role iu l,he, infcrent, M rout;i tlc of t;he sysl;cln.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="16"> 4.1.1 ll,(3)r(~,s(',l.itation of 1).a.<.+e (d).i(+,('+t;s l,ci, us lit'st, consi(le+r how t, lte VSO l)a, tt;crns a(> <l,t iced fr<.>~ u a. di(;tiot t;/.ry so tl t;c,;+ ++l.l'(~ t'orli ~a lisexl a.ud st;(>r+',d, lit l;lie (:urreul, I(I~ all l)at, i,crns cousi+t, (ff two elements: a Verb and a Subject; (VS pattern), or a. Verb and a.n Object (VO l)a.ttern), h',ach pa.ttern is assigned a two-level representation consisting of a set of &quot;inllerent features&quot; describing its elements (context-indel)endent representat, ion), and a set of &quot;relational feai, ures&quot; specifying the role of each element within the lexieo-semantic context described 1)y the pa.ttern ((:ontext del)endent representa.tion), as exemplified in (1) below:</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="18"> In the top line, an identifying label is providecl (L~'aa~7etX-Lm~O/O), where '70&quot; (short for &quot;Object&quot;) specifies the syntactic relation of the nom~ relatiw' to the verb. In the left cohmm, the inherent lea.lures of each element of the pa.ttern are specilied. Since (I) i\]luslrat.es the simplest possible l)at, tern, i.e. a word co-occurrence pattern, Noun and Verb slots are filled in by actua.lly occurring texemes only, encoded in capital letters. In the right cohmm, containing relational ? * ~? ? features, LL(,(fLI~E is cha.racterised as the &quot;predica.te&quot; with respect to LIIH~O, and LIIII~O as the &quot;el)jeer&quot; of LEC(H'311'2.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="19"> More complex lml.i,erns ca.n 1)e envisaged: e.g.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="20"> ta.xononaica.l information can be associated with nouns and/or w~rbs, as shown in (2): (2) LI'2G(~l,21HC/ LlI3I~O/O 'I~EA/) BOOK/O' inherent feettules telzttionM featmes</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="22"> Taxonomical information is cm:oded in lowerease: intcrpretare/H means that the verb interp~wl, a'~w 'interpret' is the H(yperonym) of LEG-Gfs'HE. More genera.lly, nn &quot;/X&quot; suffixing a. lowel:case string specifies the sort of semantic rela.tion (X) linking the sullixed string with the aettl0,\] \]exeme (in uppercase).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="23"> The patterns considered so far do not exha.ust the t.ypoh)gy of linguistic inl'Ol:ma.tiou possil)ly stored in KI3: more a.bsl.ract patterns, general(sing over a.etua.lly a.ttested ones, axe a.lso stored on a. pa,r with actuM co-occurrence 1)atterns, t,o be used by the iM%rential routine of the system. These aJo straet patterns, called &quot;core patterlls&quot;, conl.a.in the a,memnt o/' redmMant intbrmation conveyed by the attested evidence and are automatica.lly extracted by the system through the ana.logy-ba.sed mechallisl\]l kllOWll as &quot;core extl;ac{;io\[l&quot;. A core 1)a.ttern is extracl.ed from two analogous i)atl, erns which shave ,. cerl, ain a.~nount of information. in pra,ctice, for a,n analogy I)el.wee/~ two linguistic objects to I)~' recognised a.s rehwant (thus triggering core extra.ction) amal, ch is to be Rmnd between the elements of the pattern a.t both levels of inherent and relational features, l)'or instance, a relewmt analogy is found between the VO pa~tterns in (3) and (4:) below, since the two have at lea.st one inherent t%ature and one relational lea.lure in common for the same element type (noun or verb).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="24"> The corresponding extracted core is shown in (5):</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="26"> (5) expresses the following generMisation: when the w'rb PI~,ENDERE co-oecurs with a noun having luogo as a H(yperonym), then this noun is interpreted as the object. Core extraction is thus used as a step towards abstracting ztway fl:om actual words in the direction of a more sema.ntica.llygrounded form of ana.logy. Note incidentally (;ha.t, for reasons of computationa.1 elficieney, core extraction does not apply to core patterns, but to attested p~ttterns only.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="27"> Another important feature of the internal structure of KB relates to the existence of &quot;paradigmatic structures&quot; ()\[' nouns an(l verbs based on their distribntion in KB patterns: norms which are subject of the same verb exhibit, likewise objects of the same verb, a sort of semantic similarity; the same ca.n be sa.id of w',rbs which take the same subjects (or I;he same objects). The nature of this similarity va.ries from case to case and remains implicit in the ditfcrent groupings. Consider the two sets of patterns below:</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="29"> The core of the VS patterns in ((5) is represented by ,S'A.LII~,.Is' (whose translation in (ia,-e va.ries from 'rise' to 'come in', 'go tip', 'climb'), or more pre-eisely by the set of both iMterent and relational features associa.ted with it. Smlilarly, the core of t, he VS patterns m (7) above is 775'MPIC/lL ATUIIA/S 'temperature/S'. I,et us focus now on the elelncnts which are NOT shared m (6) and (r). FUMO/S 'smoke/S', MAREA/S 'tide/S',</Paragraph> <Section position="1" start_page="378" end_page="379" type="sub_section"> <SectionTitle> 4.2 Best-analogue(s) funcl;ion </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> 'l'he I)csi,-;uia,loguc(s) funcl, io. projeci,s t, lle I,a,l:gel, ol<ieci; '1'O onl;o I(B in t, hc search for I, he Itcsl, cau di(lal,e a,naloguc. It operal;es ;is I'ollows: it) IR)(s) whose ilth01'(uii, feal,ures arc \[killy cont, a iimd wil, hiu l,he set, of ilihercui, fcal ures of'l'()</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> tim a, ualogue which is stmci\[i~(I 17)1' Hie gi:ea, l;('sl, l iiiEilhoi 7 of inhcreul, \[na.141res (llCl'eall,er refel:re(\[ Lo as lJhe &quot;l)esl, ;.Elia,\[o~Ii( ',> ) Wili~ Old, over I,Iw ol,hers; c) if, a,flier sl,el)S a.) a,n(I \])) \]ia,vc: h.ec:ll 1.a.kO.ll, iio I)esi, a,na, iogue is /'olind (i.e. eil,her diel'e is ili()re l;ha,n Oll() bcsl; a.lia\]oglle or none), i,heu control is l)aSSe(\] 1,o &quot;l)a,ra,(iigill exl,C:JlSiOlt&quot; (see i ll\['l',~l); (I) if a, lso i)ara,(ligm exl,ensioi\] fails l,o provide a, uiii(lUe inl;<~i;i)r(%al,h)n , l,heii '1'0 is MI, a.iul)igilOUS.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="3"> More c(in(:ret,(Jy, giveil l;he iUllUl seul,eucc i/ bm~l, bi'#u) /+f/Sic 71 lib'to 'l, lie. oh|hi reads Lhc' hook', I;lie sysl.clll will lie a,I)h&quot; I,o idenLify il lilno as I,he ot).bci, of b.9.?c 011 Lhe basis of I, lie I)alil,ern I.IOG(Ho'/Z/';-I./IH~O/O i,l (1)'a.ml/or ('2)a.I)ovc.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="4"> 'l'tlis is l, he ca,se of a, full ina,l,(:h, SillC(~ l<g:/cr<-libr() iS ;ill a, lrea(ly klIOWII CO-OCClil'(HIC() \]HII, I;(H'II.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="5"> SUl)l)OSe liOW l,lial, SeuS()l{. has 1,o ~'/isalu I)igual,e tit(&quot; \:el'l)-ll()llll (:oiill)ina.t, iOli \]ncndc<f(17lll, O'l'(I 'l,a,k(~_ul>r('sidence', where (1~711()1'(I iS Sill)plied hi hilml, wilJl ii,s l,a,x()liyili(S) l)ui: is no( al,</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="7"> When neither a.) nor b) axe viable, the most likely intcrl)rel;at, ion is yichled on the basis of disl, ril)ui, iouM criLcria, l'a.ra.dignis (8) and (9) abow~ ca.n 1)c Cxl)h)i|,ed to nmk(: inf('xcn(:es M)out, St)As l;hrough l)a.ra.digni cxl:cusion, a l)rocess which il,volves Llic l;cnl, a/,ive corrchl, tiou of two woMs which arc not seen a0s (:o-occuriJng\] wit, hin KB. I)a.radignl ('.xl,(msion is detined as folh)ws: if a.n clemcid, A (whether verb or noun) slmres ~ (-ore with anoLher eleuient B (of t;he same l;ype), dmn h' is allowed I,o inheri(, IJm l)a, radigma, l,i(: sloi,s of A (if any).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="8"> SUl)l)OSe l;ha, t tim word (:oml:>in~(;ion salir('le'm.l)cralura <rise-tenll)era.ture' is to I)e inl;erprel;ed t)y SonSOI{. The sysl,ein will en/x;rta.hi Lwo uuil, ua.lly exclusive \]lyl)ot;heses , with \[,(?IlI, pCl'(glrll?'(! ;IS eit, hcr subjc(:l, or object; of ,sali'lw. (Mnsider l,he lirst, hypolJtesis. The pa, ra,digms of JA LI1Uq a, nd 7'\]';MI'IIIM'/'UI~,A/,5' a, re in (8) and (9) al)ov(< I)aradigni extension (-he(:ks whet,her l;hel'e exisi, s a. nonemltl,y inl,ersc('tion bctw(:en l;he i)a.ra.diguia.tic slot, s of SALIIUg a.lid those of the verbs iu {,It(3 paradigm of 7'I';MI'EIeA 7'Uf~A/,g. lit order Lo SUltl)orl, the HA I,II~E-TEMI)EI~ATUIL4/,q ' hyt)o(;hcsis tiE(_', system line(Is to lind a, co-occili'ix'.ilC(~ pa.l,t, ern where a.l; leas|, one of the fillers of l, he p;~radignl~l,h: sloLs of ,S'AI, II~I,J (i.e. li'lfMO/,g, MAIU';A/S, etc.) co-occurs with one (,f l, ile tilhws o\[' t;lie l)a.radiglmd;h * sloLs of 77qMIJ'JRAT'UIL4/PS' (i.(;. A IHM,%_'AILgl, ,5CIgNI)I'2U(, el;(:.) as showll</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="10"> wher(~ the relevant pa.ra.digms al)I)ea.r 1;o share the slots k,IA/ZEA/S, I)I~EZZO/D ' a.nd S77C/,AI)A/,C/.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="11"> l,'roui this it follows tha.l, tit(; liypol, hcsis tcmpcr(tt,t~,t I)eing t, he subj(~cl, is jusl;ilia.lJe through i)a.ra.<ligHi extension. As l,() the hyl)ol, h(',sis wii,h :I7'\]MI'EIeAT'UI~A as a,ll o\])je(:t, no SUl)l)Ort, iilg i)ara.digniadc evidence is found in 1{1{.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="12"> '\['\[IC SOJIiC DIX)C(\]SS a, lso ~/,ccollill,8 for lllOF(~ iri'egular ca.ses, such a.s the (:o-selection of aouns and semant;i(:aJly light verbs (also known ill the litera.l,ure a.s &quot;Slll)l)()l'l; verbs&quot;). Moreover, it can I)e used l,o .iusl, i(y cas(;s of lllCt;al)hor a.nd lnel;ollylny (M oni0emagni, 1995).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="13"> Sinnniiug Ul) , in SenSOl{. a.na.logy ot)(;ral,es l)ol;h a(, the level o\[&quot; t,he int('nml orga.nisa,don of 1(1~ a,s a whoh~ u.nd in l;\]lc sca.r(:h for l.\]le best aJia.logue aJ, l,he iil(,crpr(;I;C/LI,ion sl,age. The amdogy-I)a.sed illI'(,reudal roudn(; is ra.i, her weak a.nd cons(;rwE1,ive a.l; l,h(' ~t(:(lUiSition as well as l;he interpr(;l;;~don sl, a ge. In a(:quisit, ion, (:ore l)a.I;l,erns are extra cl;ed I)y nm.Lchiitg direcl;ly aJ, lx;sl;e(I pa.i;terns only (a.s op1)osed I:(> Mready exOra(:l,e(\[ (:ores). In iiH,erl)ret,a.l;ion, l:lm llSO o\[' dire(:t,ly al,l,esl,ed evidence is a.Iways I)rel'erre(I over iuf('rr(~d evicleu(:e, i.e. over (x)re i)al3,(~rus aud ext.ended i)aradigiiis. Whcu l, he sysLeiil is <'otll'roiil,ed wii, h tll/kliowu COliil)ina.l.iol~S o\[' words or (Well wii,\[l Illll(llOVCll words (i.('. words \vhicll are no(, dircct, ly ;il,l.{~sl.e(t wii, hin KI~ bill, \['or which l,;tx(>itol?/ica\[ iii\[orlnal.ion is availlll>le), it, iii l,erl)ret, s (;h(Hil insol'ai: as i,\]iey ~il'<' a.nalogically re\]~/.(;e(\[ l;O ~/\]r(?~J(ly I,:uowu wor(\] COill\])hia.t;iolis. Perforn-iailce Two different <~xl~erinicni;s were desigued I:o l.esl, ,qen~OI;\['s l>er\['Ol:lUance: in I;\]w lir'sl, <'x/)erillion~ , ca.rried out, eli large a.lliOllii\[-,s ofdai,a., I(1~ was coiisl,ii, ul, ed 1:)3; pllre woM co-o('Clll'l;01lCe pa, l;1,01:llS; iJie second CXl)eriliield; was in0ani; (,o assess how and Ix) wha.g exl:ent, l;a.xonomica.\] inl'ornia.l, ion inii)rovcs the sysl;elii's l)cr\[oi:il/a.l~(:'e.</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="2" start_page="379" end_page="379" type="sub_section"> <SectionTitle> 5.1 ExI) o, rilll(~,lIt 1. </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> \[)llr(: wor(\[ CO-O(!(!l\]l'rOll(ie \[)~l.\[,(;oriis i;(~\[)res('l\]\[, l;\[\](; iniuillia, l inl)iil, <:on\[igurat, ioll l;\]lO SyS\[,Olii C;/.il (\[e;-I,\[ wii, h. Wii,h l,hese lJa.l;1;cril~, /Jle sys{,elii ca.ri:ics OliL i, he SeA l,a.sk iiios{ly via. pa.radigui exl;<msion.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> In this eXl)<;riinen(,, ICI~ <:onsisi,s o\[' 18,585 VS/\:O i)atl,erus extra.c(,ed I'rolu I.he ('ollins li;a\[\]a.n-li;nglisil (I .<.)85) and ( ~a.rza.nt:i (198d) dic\[,iona.i:ies. The I,esi; wa.s ca.rried oill; eli 1,27!1 lllorl)\[losynt:a.(:i,i(:ally a.ull>i,~uous S()/\s elicii,od f'roul roe.\[ t.ex(;s. The resuli, soP l:his CXl)Oi'ilileni. ~lrc rcl>ori,<'d in i, he l,able below.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> n ;ibs. i/, U\,\: K\]'; a.ro llOl, COlllllx~(l ill) is 97%. As l;o i;he llllresolvc(\] ca.ses, nior(? (,\]ia.u a ha.l\[' (i.e. 611 oui. (>1'1,172)(:oui:a.ill8 il.li II II k liOWll wor(l (i .e. \[ i W). iN ol,e i, li a.t a. few C&S(~S Of illlkllOWll worcls (22) are Sli(:(:css\['ully ill(;el;l)rel,ed oil {,he I>a.sis of (:ores whi(xh a.re specified for reel> or \['or IlOllll iu\[orula.{,ioll Oil\]V,, (<',>.'&quot; till,railsit,ire verbs ii.l'e al3,es(,o(l wii, h sul)je<q,s ouly). it, is iui, ei'esl, hlg to uol;<~ i;ha.l, a.boul, eli() I;iiird o\[' 'FOs (!orreclily inlx~rl>re/,<'(I by ,q(:u~Ol/. are kilo;vii <~xa.nil)les (is\[l'\]), a.ll, l~ough hi $Ol\]iO (:;_ises i,his l)re vious knowhxlge is niislea.(ling. 24 'l'O's, alrea.(iy \](IIOWB \])y I.,he 8ySl;elll lil~d<'r n <;crl, d.ill illt, CirlJrcL& l.ion, r~r,'> in I')~.(;I, IlSe(\[ in l;he l,a.rget, (:Oil(,ext, timider a. difl'ei:cnt, inl;<:prel;a.t, ion. '17> give ~l.ll (L'(lllIll)le, l,l~is i,ypi(:ally oc<!tlrs wil,ll verl>s ililCiCrgOiltg (,he <:a.usa.l;ivo-in('.hoa.l, ive Mi, eruaJ;ion (e.g. affondcrvu 'sink') where l, he ol)je,:t of l, he l, ransitiw~ rea(liug of (.he verb (e.g. nm/e 'ship') cau also I>e l,he sul,,iecl; of its intransitive r(!adiug. Ill <:ases like i;hese, SenSOfi, is l>ound I,o fa.il, as they <:amio/, b(- r(,solved on l;h<; I)a,sis of lexi(:o-s(~nianl;i(: I~n(>wle(Ige, I)ul; require knowledge of \[Jle geiiera.l (:onl,<~xt iu whMl t, he sentence is ul, t,er<xl.</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="3" start_page="379" end_page="379" type="sub_section"> <SectionTitle> 5.2 Exp(;rlment 2 </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> In a, se(~oIK\] <'~xl)erinlent, KB <:(msisi;s of 10,3()7 VS/V() l>ai;terns ext, racl.ed froin l;he (:o\]lins I>ilim gua.\[ dici,iona.i:y. For /,esl;ilig, we ra.ndonliy (,xi;ra.ct, ed 500 a.iYlbiguoils ~()As (Y=Olii l;he l, est, cort)llS used in IDxlJel'iltielil, 1. For eax;;\[l elOlllell(, o\[' (,lie pal;i;erl~s, i, axonomical iii\['orlTia.(;ioll is Sl)(~cific'd, thus nmking possible geueralisa.l, ions over \]>aA;t, erns she.ring the same l,a,xollomi<:a.l inforniai, ion.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> Since words in l;he a.equired l)a3,1;erris a,re not, disalul)igua.i~ed a.s I;o t,heir word sens<', iu I;hc Sl:)e<'.ific ('Oll(,ex(,, all t,heir possible iiume(iia.l,e (;;lXOllylllS a.re specified, only one (.l\[' which is a,pl)rol)ria.l,e i;o IJle coni;exl; described by t,h<' l)a.l,l,ern. In spite of the ini, ro(hl<'ed &quot;uoise&quot;, the \])('T\[OIHTIfI,liC(' O\[ SellS()l/. strews a. sl, a.tistica.lly signi(ica.nl, inil)roveinenl, oil l;he l)revious experirnenl;, a.s ilhisi, ra.t, ed in I,he I,a.hie below.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> C, orreet, ness rises 1;o 73.6% and the ac<:ura.ey rai,e slightly falls down (,o 87.2%. l)ue to the presem:e of ta.xoliomica.l informat, ion in I(ll, the sys|,el-ll has more core im.l,l, erns t,o rely Oil. As a. l'('suit, the ini)reutial role of paradign~ extension is reduce(\[ wil;h resl)eCl; t,o Exl)erilnenl, I where ex-I:en(le<\] pa.ra.dignis play a inore proniinelH, role in support, trig possible infel:enees.</Paragraph> </Section> </Section> class="xml-element"></Paper>