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<Paper uid="P95-1049">
  <Title>S A SP Vp A A NP I OP VP N NO ~1 V I I I</Title>
  <Section position="5" start_page="317" end_page="317" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
3 Handling of Scrambling in Korean
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> Using MC-TAGs TAGs and related formalisms, due to the extended domain of locality, can combine a lexical head and all of its arguments in a single elementary structure of the grammar. However, Becker and Rambow show that TAGs that obey the co-occurrence constraint cannot handle the full range of scrambled sentences (Becket and Rainbow, 1990). As a result, non-local MC-TAG-DL (Multi-Component TAG with Dominance Link) was proposed as a way of handling scrambling 1. Later, by adding a priority concept to MC-TAG-DL, Park (Park, 1995) suggested a way of handling scrambling in Korean.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> For handling scrambling, the multi-adjunction concept in MC-TAGs can be used for combining a scrambled argument and its landing site. For example, a subject (e.g., Tom) would have two Korean structures as above. For notational convenience, call the two structures, aAT~s~, and ~AT~Gs~, respectively. In general, aAT~G represents a canonical NP structure and flAT~G represents a scrambled NP structure. ~.A~s~, shows a pair of structures for representing the scrambled subject argument. Call the left structure of ~AT~GsT~, flAT~s~, and the right structure, ~AT~g~,. ~A~g~s~, represents a scrambled subject, and ~.AT~G~, is used for representing the place where the subject would have been in the canonical sentence. Similarly, flAT~Go~, denotes a pair of structures for representing a scrambled object argument.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> The basic idea is that whenever an argument is not in a scrambled position, it should be substituted into an available empty slot using the aAT~ structure. The fiAT~G structure will be used only when the argument is in a scrambled position so that the aAT~G structure cannot be used.</Paragraph>
    <Section position="1" start_page="317" end_page="317" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
3.2 An Example
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> K: Jerry-lul Tom-i ccossnunLa. 2 Jerry-ACC Tom-NOM ehase-DECL E: Tom chases Jerry From the elementary trees in Figure 2, both sentences, (1) and (2) can be derived. For example, Figures 2(a), 2(b), and 2(d) can be used for sentence (1), to derive Figure 3(a). However, for sentence (2) where the order is OSV (the object argument is nAn additional constraint system called dominance links was added, thus giving rise to MC-TAG-DL.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> m u deg ; j o~, 0 j  Each elementary tree is given a priority. A higher priority is given to aAT~G structure over flAT~G. Generally, when a structure given a higher priority over others can be successfully used for the final derivation of a sentence, the remaining structures will not be tried at all. Only when the highest priority structure fails will the next available structure be tried 2.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
  </Section>
  <Section position="6" start_page="317" end_page="318" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
4 Using MC-TAGs in STAGs
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> For mapping Korean to English, the simple object (NP) structure of English (e.g., the right structure of /3 pair in Figure 1) can be mapped to two structures, i.e., aA~o~, and ~AT~go~,, thus generating two possible lexical pairs.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> ~As a way of implementing a verb-final condition in Korean,/KA'/'~s~, structure is dominated by fl.AT~s~,, and each S-type verb elementary tree will nave an A/'.A constraint on the root node, which guarantees that j3~4T~ type structure cannot be adjoined onto the par- tially derived tree unless its predicate structure (its S-type verb elementary tree) is already part of the partial derived tree up to that point. An example including long-distance scrambling is shown in (Park, 1995).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2">  For translating sentence (1), the aA~Go~,-NP pair is used for Jerry (similar to the/~ pair in Figure 1). However, in sentence (2), the/~AT~Go~,-NP pair should be used instead for translating the scrambled argument Jerry (i.e., Figure 4(a)). Thus, it is necessary that a Korean flA:RG structure (MC-TAG) be mapped to an English NP structure (TAG) to transfer a scrambled argument in Korean. I assume that there is one head structure for each MC-TAG structure, and that the/~A~G ~ (place holder structure) is the head structure for each/~AT~G structure. The root node of the head structure is always mapped to the root node of the target (English) structure.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> Usually, the nodes in the source language should be linked to each relevant node in the target language, and vice versa (in STAGs). However, in the case that it is a multi-component structure (e.g., /~AT~), an adjunction node need not necessarily be linked to any node. If it is not linked to any node of the target language, the structure can be freely adjoined onto any available node of the partially derived tree of the source language, which is approximately what scrambling is about. However, substitution nodes will always be linked (the difference between a substitution node and an adjunction node is that an adjunction node does not introduce a new structure to the partially derived tree whereas a substitution node always does).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4">  In Figure 4(a), the root node NP of an English TAG is mapped to the OP node of/~A~G~, of a Korean TAG which is a head structure. All the other nodes are mapped to each relevant node except S~. As it is not linked, /~AT~, can be adjoined onto any available node in the partially derived Korean tree. Actually, the restriction on whether flAT, GoLf, can be adjoined onto a certain node does not come from the formalism of Synchronous TAGs, but purely from the grammar of Korean TAGs. Figure 4(b) shows the final derived trees for both Korean and English after applying 4(a) to the partially derived trees.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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