<?xml version="1.0" standalone="yes"?>
<Paper uid="C94-2111">
  <Title>BUILDING A WINI)OWS-BASED BII,INGUAL F\[JNCTIONAI, SEMANTIC PROCESSOR</Title>
  <Section position="1" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
BUILDING A WINI)OWS-BASED BII,INGUAL F\[JNCTIONAI, SEMANTIC PROCESSOR
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> City Polytechnic of ! hmg Kong CTW EBSTE(alCPll KVX.CPIt K. I I K O. SUMMARY  (/mh~r a ,vO'atey, ic grant .fi'om the (Sitv l'o!Vechnic (( Ilong Kong, woHC/ i,v proceedin,~ toward J#q/ementation c(&amp;quot; a ,s'qflware IooI, c:afled the \]'}mcliona/ PS'ema/llic Procexxor, which ix de,&lt;igned to ./aciiilale a/m!~:.~'is o/' Chine,re and 16~x, li,vl'l lexl,v aloJ~ the /i/te,v (?/' ,v,):xtemic t'&gt;mclional ('O'C, tlIIIIOt'. 7he l')mcliona/ ,%man/it l'roces,~'or ,/br Chine,~'e and /','n~/Lv/~ te.vl.v has been d&lt;'.ve/o/x;d in lhe 3/LS' IVindows enviro/'mten/.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
  <Section position="2" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
I. INTROI)I/CTION
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> Three oricntalions have \[brined Ihc basis o1 Ihc design of tile Functior~al-Semalltic Proccssor: (i) the ti.)CtlS (51' analysis is on discourse; (it) the purlxlse is Io discover lhose elements lhal conhibllle to Ihc overall ltlC'llling conveyed by a Iexl; (iii) the approach is inodular, wilh each illOdllle corresponding to a slrtleltlral I'epl'CSell\[~lliOll \]71&amp;quot;O111 OllC of Several din~ensions of nleaning. 'In order to provide insighls into tile meaning and cfl'cclivcness of a text', stales Hall\[day (1985), 'a cliscourse granlmar needs 1o be lil51ctionaI and semalHic in its orientation, with the granunalical categories explained sis the real\[sat\[on of semantic pattcrns'(xvii). St,'(; provides this Ihnclionalsenlanlic orientation.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
  <Section position="3" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
2. SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAl, (;I/AMMAR (SF(;)
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> llalliday's systemic-time\[tonal grammar (SFG) identifies the shllclnres ;.11 clatlse level and above thai conlribute Io the meaning o1' a text. An SFG analysis reveals 'how and wily' a lex\[ means what it does. The clause, as; coxIslilucnl (s\[thc lest, ix tile coral)los realisation (fl three functional-senlanlic con/portents: leMtlal, inlcq)crsoilal and ideational. I{ach colnponelll COlllIibHlcs ill ilS OWll way to lhe lbrln ef file clause. Corresponding to each COlllpol/enl are valiOtlS kinds of sllllChlrill rcprcsclll}lliol/. \[n English, lexhlal nleaning is represented by theme-theme ~.lll(.\] inlbrmalion slrtlctllles; inlerpcrsonal lllCalling by mood-residue or exchauge slruchlrc; and idealional or proposflional recants?, by Iransifivily strllelllre. While l lalliday idenlilies the clause as I\[IC most basic lexico-,prammalical 1Hlil, nevcrlhcless hc iily;t.} lecol,nises and includes in his grammar olhcr discomse Ill/its besides tile clause. I&amp;quot;or example, I I'alliday's notion of inlbrmalion ut/it in l:&amp;quot;,nglish is similar to wh;ll '\['sao (I979) calls topic-chains in Chinese where a topic extends its scm:lnlic domain over several senie\]lccPS.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
  <Section position="4" start_page="0" end_page="701" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
3. TIlE FIJNCTIONAL SEMANTIC I'ROCESSOR
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> The Funclional Senlantic Processor is a Iool to assist in rite analysis of lexis lbllowing M.A.K. 1 lalliday's (1985) approach outlined in his Introduction to f,Smctional (h'ammar lIFe) in terms of Ihelne-rhcme sir/let\[ire, inlb,mation, nlood-residue and transitivity. This llarlicular work of llalliday's dill'crs fiom his previous work in that the eml)hasis is on Ihe slrllchlral rather Ihan lhc syslemic petites ofa descriplion of l'SIglisll.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> 'File I,'SP includes a separate n/odule lbr each kind of slmCltlral analysis. The modules are independen\[ of one anolhel-, each llas iIs own uniqlle lcrnlinology and organ\[sat\[on. Transilivfly slrtleltlre, tor example, inchldes elenlcnls not \[bund in inlbrnla/ion, mood-residue or lhenle-rhenlc SlrllCltlres. I!ach module assenlbies a parlial solulion to file larger queslion of wMI is tile nleaning which tile text as a whole COl/Veys.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> The approach ix smlihlr lo thai of the blackboard method of prohlenl solving. I)itl'crcnl knowledge sources parlicipalc in &amp;quot;assembling&amp;quot; a solulion. Edward l&amp;quot;cigenbaum (1988) calls it '&amp;quot;knowledge assenlbly&amp;quot; (vi). The I;:)tlr Idnds of SIlllellllal analysis Ihal Iogelher mouiprisc Ihe I;SI' ale each a knowledge source, a knowledge \[nodule. They are independent of one allolher, each has ils own unique terminology and ort,anisation. Whellover a clause is analysed, by whichm:er module, Ihal analysis is saved to tile blacl&lt;board. Each module nlUSt then ksok to tile blackboard, pulliny relevant intbrmation tionl tile bhlcM)oard Io assist in con/t)lcling ils own analysis. The blackboard also plays an aclivc role 15,,: alerting modules to any tlpdales lo its contents llIH(le \[)y other modules A1 i)resenl lhc l:,'ql ' does hvo lhings: (1) it assisls Ihe user ill doing tile analysis; (2) il lilcililates file subsequonl relriewll of hilbrnullion aboul the iexl by collecling all file chnise analyses into ;.1 I.Iobal dalabase. In its present fornl tile user nuisI slill do lhe analysis. The user, sol the nlachine, identifies meaningflll clause clements, and tillers Ihelii hi/he ;ippropriale (Isis licld. The COl/lptller records lhe user's hllcrprehllitsn hi tel'IllS Of {I Ihncliolialsenlanlic analysis. The FSP has up until now been only ~1 1(5(1\[ ~ ~i plOCeSSOl. Ill.)\[ {I p~llSCr. AS discussed belm~ (Seclion 5), :1 parser is being added I0 lhe l&amp;quot;Sl' I0  perform lower-level synlaclic analysis. The outpul fronl the parser will pennil certain fields lo be pre-set, lmplementalion of a bilingual version of the FSP will assist in the advancemenl of research into lhe similarilies and differences belwecn Chinese and English texl structures. While ttalliday lnai/llains thai file Ihree COlllponelllS of meaning -- ideational, interpersonal and textual --- are universal to all lang/lages, tile slruclures corresponding 1o these COlllpol/ellls are, nevertheless, language specific. Thus this bilingual implementation of tile FSP includes structures and fields relewmt to Chinese and English. Certainly there is some overlap.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> Transilivity analysis, Ibr example, facililales comparison on a generally shared level of meaning. But there is also a great deal of difference bchveen Chinese and English, parlicularly noliceable with respect Io exchange or Mood-residue slruchu'e. McDonald (1992), in his oulline of a FG for Chinese, does not recognise a separate Mood-P, esiduc slmclure for Chinese.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4"> The FunclionaI-Selnantic Processor (FSP) has been developed ill .lhe MS Windows 3.11 environnlcnl.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5"> Chinese is handled ill tile, Windows environment using PC Express TwinBridge v.3.2. The FSP includes three linked components: (i) MS Word lor Windows v.6.0 (WinWord) as texl-edilor; (it) the Analysl's lnlerlhcE (AI); and (iii) a database facility. From WinWord, the analyst can vicw the lexl, and select clauses for analysis. The AI, a Visual Basic application, is linked by means ofOl,E automalion wilh WinWord. Working within the All thc analysl can view, edit, and save IhE contents of l\]elds on lbrms lot each of tile different kinds of slructural analysis. Using VB's database capability, enlriEs are saved to a database. The database entries may be relrieved liom within the AI, or separately using MS Access. MS Access nlay also be used to generalc reporls including, lot Example, consistelll IXlllErns of usage occurring ill lhe dala.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
  <Section position="5" start_page="701" end_page="704" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
4. TIlE ANALYST'S INTI0;RFACE
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> Tile user opens a document in WinWord, highlights the clause to be analysed, presses a button in tile toolbar labelled IFSP\]. The lexl highlighled in WmWord now appears in the \[Clausel lexlbox in the Analyst's lnterl-ilce (AI). The document name and tile bookmark for tile selected |exl appear ill tile status line at tile boltom of the AI window (Fig. I). Front lhe lnenu, Ihe user chooses which analysis Io perlorm on tile selEcIEd clause. Once chosen, WinWord is lninmlizEd to an icon and the \[FSP\] bullOll is dEaclivated. Ill lhis case, lhc user chooses to do transitivity analysis on tile selecled chluse.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> Transilivily analysis is concerned wilh the scmanlic configuration of process, parlicipanl, and cit'ClHl/SlallCe, i.e. the clatlse as a means ofrcprescnling the processes of doing, lhinking, being, speaking, etc.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> The clause lo be analysed appears ill the \[Clause\] textbox. \[t has been selected from the Help file for MS Windows Write (Chinese and English versions).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> The &amp;;wl that appears as a header or footer in your document does not appear in your documom In this sentence, Ihe process of tile main clause is, in English appear, ill Chinese ~,~ t~. It is a material process, and tile participanl functioning ill tile role of actor is 7he text that appears' as a header or./boler in your docmnent, or, in ChinesE, :~,~, ~9~i'@ ~ ' J-~ ~,NN-V~N~:~9~. Weenter this informalion into the Iorm identified by the tab al lhe bollom labelled Transitivity-\[ I I (l:ig. 2). Using a n\]OUSE tile user highlights tile process, drags tile selected texl ~ ~l~ to tile \[Processl tcxlbox alld drops it in. Likewise lot tile parlicipant ;~f,~. ~\]~J~.~'~ \[\]3 ~' \[.~ ,~,~J~_~~ ~ t~J 3~ \['\]~ ~ ~'~, one drags the selected text fi'om Ihe \[Clausc\] lexlbox to Ihe \[Participant\[ lislbox Once il is dropped inlo the listbox, a dialog box pops up to elicil from tile ttser which role lhal parlicipanl is pe,forming in tile clatlse (Fig. 3).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4"> This participant, which is also tile subject is a clause consisting of procEsS, parlicipanl and circumstance:  It may be argued thai this clause-as-subjEct, translaled in English as &amp;quot;/he text that a/)Deal:~' a.v a \]leadeY or fi)oter ill VOHt&amp;quot; dOC?ltlllgfll iS what Halliday idenlifies as a circumslantial idenlil}/mg clause in which the process (nOtE thai ill Chinese it is nol tile same predicale as occurs in lhe n/aill clause) CllCOdCS a circlllnsti,lllcc o1&amp;quot; lllalllier - \]low tile text appears ill lhc document - as a rclationshi I) bclwcen the two participants (1985: 120).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5"> The user must open a second transitivily lotto, Transitivity - \[2\], to analyse tile clause-as-subject (Fig, 4). ThEre are now two transilivity forms open as indicated by the two tabs, but only one aclive, The tab ol Ihe aclive folm is yellow in colour, To switch between fOrlllS, tile user simply needs 1o click on lhc tab lot Ihal Ibrm.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="6"> REturnin,P to Ihe main clausE, the circumstance of where the text appeariny as header or lboler does not aF, pear is  in your doc'u,ne,'~t, :~,~, 1~9 3~, '~C/ qq. Nolice Ihat as i,, Ihe English sentence, this prepositional phrase occurs twice, bu |Ihal 1he first occurrence in lhe Chinese scnlcnce at the beginning of Ihe sentence belongs to the cIallse-as-stlbjccl, llOt Ihc ll/ain clatlse.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="7"> A circulllSlallCe, OllCC highlighlcd in IClauscl, is dragged and dropped into the \[Circumstancesl listbox. A dialog box appears asking the user Io idenlil~C/ Ihe lype of circumslancc, whether len/poral, spalial, etc. Thc circumslance and its type lhen appear in the \[Circumslancesl list box.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="8"> Once an analysis is complclcd, it is saved 1o the database along with the name ot the document in which lhc clause appears, the bookmark idcnlity of the clause, and lhc type and lmmber of analysis, e.g. Transilivily - 111. 13ookmarks, a feature of WinWord lot lagging pieces of lcxl, aft aulOlllalically assigned 1o the highlighted text when the user presses the I YSl'l button in the loolbar. If I highlight a previously analysed clause in a WinWotd C/locumelll, al|d aclivale Ihc \[:SP, fill analyses related Io lhat clause will be relricvcd and displayed in lhc \]:SP. I nmy then switch bclwccn the allalyscs by clicking with lhc mouse on Ihc tabs.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="9"> As illuslralcd above, transitivity analysis is concerned wilh lhe scmanlic conliguralion of process, imrlicipanl(s), and circtlnlstancc(s). Olhcr considerations, s/ich as whelher a pftriicipfml is Ihc gmmmalical subject or object, whether or not a parlicipanl ix menlioned, or where the elemenls appear in lhc clause, arc dealt with by othe, slructures.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
  <Section position="6" start_page="704" end_page="704" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
5. AGENDA FOIl FUR'I'tlER DEVEI,OPMENT
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> Beyond improving the dcsign and implcmclltation of a bilingual FSP \[br English and Chinese. wc look \[brward Io extending research in this area by aulomating the analytical process lbr exlracling inlbrmalion from lhc lexl being analysed. St:G's wcakncss ix mosl apparcnl when it comes Io perlorming lower level synlaclic analysis. /I is hcre lhal we rely on Kil Chunyu(1993)'s LFG parser 1o provkle mpul for subscquenl SClnanlic inlerprelation. The Kil Parser, originally developed in PDC Prolog for the DOS clwiFoIIIllClI\[, is being redeveloped as a Windows application using, I.PA WinProlog.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> Kifs unificalional aclive charl parser (UniPurc('harl) is based on ~1 Chillesc l,cxical-l:unclional Grammar (C-I.FG) conslrucled by Kil. The FSP will display lhc parse O\['a Sell|ence on fill '\[Lslructtlrc' 1i211111 ill Ihe AI. As with olhcr structures, e.g. Iransilivily slructure, Ihc user may edil lhe parse result on Ihc form prior Io saving il Io Ihc dalabase.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> Attenlion must be given 1o the inlcraclion, via the dalabase, between Ihe various iiiodlllcs Ihat iI/akc lip the FSP, each rcprescnling a lype of strucltlral reprcsenlation, a dimension of meaning.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> I do noi anlicipale fidly automatic functional-semantic analysis oflcxls. Even wilh Ihc addilion era parser, and a syslcm lot facilitaling tnodule interaction, lhe FSP will conlil|tlc Io require htltl|all participalion in the analytical process.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
class="xml-element"></Paper>