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<Paper uid="A94-1035">
  <Title>English Adverb Generation in Japanese to English Machine Translation</Title>
  <Section position="3" start_page="0" end_page="190" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
2 Classification of English Adverbs
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"/>
    <Section position="1" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
2.1 Position
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> In our adverb position system for English adverb generation, 5 positions are provided. The first is initial position (IP), the beginning of the sentence.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> The second is medial position (MP), between the subject and predicate, or if auxiliary verbs are involved in the sentence just after the first auxiliary 1In this paper, adverbs include idiomatic adverbial phrase, such as &amp;quot;on purpose&amp;quot;.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="2"> verb. The third is end position (EP), after a predicate. Pre position (PreP) and post position (PostP) are provided for adverbs as modifiers. A pre position adverb comes before a modificant and a post position adverb comes after a modificant.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="2" start_page="0" end_page="190" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
2.2 Classification
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> Adverbs can roughly be divided into subjuncts, adjuncts, disjuncts and conjuncts by their grammatical function. We classify adverbs by specifying differences in meaning and preferred positions within sentences for each adverb. The classification is shown in Figure 1.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1">  verbs which are used frequently in our daily life. Normally the difference in meaning is indicated by the position in the sentence.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="2"> The position of an adverb depends not only on the adverb's meaning but also on the relationship between the adverb and other sentence elements. Figure 2 shows order priorities in adverb position, for when two or more adverbs come in the same position. ~ shows the priority at some position, the left  side of the right arrow comes before the right side of the right arrow in the sentence. The priority reflects the scopes of adverbs. For example, conjuncts usually have wider scope than disjuncts, so conjuncts come before disjuncts at the initial position.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
  </Section>
  <Section position="4" start_page="190" end_page="190" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
4 Experimental Results
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"/>
    <Section position="1" start_page="190" end_page="190" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
4.1 Experiment 1
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> The first experiment is performed on sentences with at least one Japanese adverb taken from the &amp;quot;Dictionary of Basic Japanese Usage for Foreigners&amp;quot;. The sentences are translated by a human translator. We manually examined whether English adverbs in the translation would be generated correctly using the proposed method. The results of experiment 1 are shown in Figure 3.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="2" start_page="190" end_page="190" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
4.2 Experiment 2
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> The second experiment had the Japanese to English machine translation system ALT-J/E translate Japanese sentences to test various English adverb functions. The goal was to confirm that this adverb ordering method could handle various types of English adverbs.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> The experiment considered 200 arbitrary sentences which ALT-J/E was known to analyze correctly. This method was compared to a previous version of ALT-J/E which did not use adverbs' grammatical functions and meanings but only this preferred adverb positions. The result is as follows.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
  </Section>
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