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<Paper uid="C92-2118">
  <Title>Exploiting Linguistic Iconism for Article Machine Translation</Title>
  <Section position="3" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
ACTES DE COLING-92, Nnr, rrEs, 23-28 nO(Zr 1992 7 9 4 PROC. OF COLING-92, NANTES, AUG. 23-28, 1992
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    <Paragraph position="0"> expressed by a definite NP in English (of. rule (1) in the annex): (11) Die interessantesLe Indusirie enfwiekelt sich. The most interesting industry is developing.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> NoN-GItADABLE adjectives (e.g. adequate, sufficient, genuine) have a similar effect when modifying MASS nouns. They are also called 'absolute' because they either do or do not apply to an entity as there exists only one reMisation of them; they are concep ~ tuMised as sharply bounded and hence in German definite NPs result in a restriction of the unbounded extension of a MAss as the adjective system- bezoeen ('system-related') (cf. rule (8) in th ...... ). Note that we are concerned here with the translation of German definite NPs into English: (12) Die systcm-bezogene Information fehlt.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> The systcm-rcla~ed informalion is lacking.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> This is the unmarked, typical modification of MAss nouns by NON-GRADABLE adjectives. There are, however, NoN-GRADABLE adjectives which stand out as non-typical when modifying a MAss noun. By choosing a LOGATIONAI, or t~ROVE, NANGE adjective as rnodifyer, as in (13) and (14), the speaker merely makes an additional commentary to the inherently unbounded entity by locating it in a conventionalized property space and thus creates a new unbounded MAss (cf. rule (6) in tl ....... ).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4">  (13) Die curop~ische Indas~rie cntwickel~ sich.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5"> Eu~vpean industry is dew;loping.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="6"> (14) Die Koguiiive Linguisfik IJst das Problem.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="7">  Cognitive Linguistics solves the problem.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="8"> GRADAnLE adjectives preserve the unboundedness of a Mass entity in the unmarked case, because GRADAnLE properties, without being contextually fixed by a conventional stzatdard of conlparison, are vague with respect to their degree of realization on a contextually graded scale (eL Dowry 1979:88; Kamp 1975). Genericity and hence indefiniteness results in Engfish (el. rnle (9) in the annex): (15) Die inleressante Forschung wird nieht gcfdvderl. --t httercsting resea~h is not being supported.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="9"> Again, this is tile default case of modification by GnADABLE adjectives. An exception are MODAL adjectives which are DI~ONTIC. They restrict the MAss to exactly that partition about which the speaker expresses an obligation (cf. rule (8) in the annex): (16) Die notwendige Forschung wird uich~ gefJrdert. The necessary research is not being supported.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="10"> COMPARISON adjectives such as similar behave in the same way by identifying the specific part of the unbounded MAss which is compased, ms we can only compare what we can identify (cf. rule (8) in the annex): (17) Die veryleichbare lnformatiou \[chit.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="11"> The comparable information is lacking.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="12"> 5 Tylle reference to COUNT entities If the speaker refers to the type of a COUNT entity, the indefinite astide expresses that the entity's description satisfies its prototypical or &amp;quot;ideal&amp;quot; concept (cf. Croft 1985:7-5), or it expresses a certain regularity (cf. Kri~a 1988:287). This results from attributing a typical property to the whole kind of the entity (cf. Declerck 1986:168f.): (18) Ein Zuschauer will ctwas schen.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="13"> Uu spectateur veut voir quelque chose.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="14"> 'A spectator wants to see something.' ttere the predicated property defines a stereotype of the species of guschauer in the sense of Putnam (1975), hence this sentence is GENErtIC by default, i.e. it is true even if the predicated typical property does not hold 'inclusively' (cf. Declerck 1986:157L) of all members of tile species of Zasehauer. If no typical property is attributed to the entity, but the entity is classified by a basic domain supereategory, comparable to Heyer's essential property (cf. Heyer 1988:180ff.), a law-like GENERIC reading results, which holds 'inclusively' - without exception - for the whole kind (also referred to as 'nomic' sentences or 'gnomic' by Carlson 1982). Three different NPs may then be used in German, but only definite NPs in French (eL also Winkelmann 1980:97), as shown by the following examples, where guschauer is classified by NXTUrtXL and NOMINAL (SOCIAl:,) kinds:  The prototypical type reference occurs with entities in subject position. Generally the scope of the verbal predication restricts the unbounded extension of an entity to which an object NP refers to that quantity for which the verbal predication holds as in (22) (cf. rule (10) in the annex): (22) They sell water.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="15"> An exception to this rule are verbal predicates which express it MENTAL ACTIVITY or a MENTAL STAT~.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="16"> ACRES DE COLING-92. NANTES. 23-28 ^o{rl' 1992 7 9 5 Pgot:. ot: COLING-92, Nnrcri.:s, AUG. 23-28. 1992 They do not restrict the unbounded extension reletted to by the object NP (cf. rule (11) in the annex), hence the bare construction is used in English and a definite NP in Span~h: (23) The~/ regard computers as important. -.----t Considcran importantcs los ordenadores.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="17"> (24) I like Spanish more than Russian.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="18"> El espa~ol me gasta rods qne el ruso.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="19"> Here GENERIC reference is achieved by the verbal scope of predication, whose EVALUATIVE meaning applies to the total extension of the entity refered to by the object NP, In the following sentence the ttajector is an individual token which is located with respect to a laudmark which is basically conceptualized as a MASs. The contingent process of writing a text is located with respect to n specific use of a language; the noun Spanish does not refer to the language as such~ but part of it is used at the particular occasion of writing a text. Hence the bare construction in Spanish.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="20"> (25) This tczt i~ written in Spanish. ----t Este tezto estd escrito en eslm~ol.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
  <Section position="4" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
7 Conclusion
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> We have shown how conceptual bounding and unbounding of entities result in different ways of reference. The translational relevance of the process of bounding and unbounding arises from the fact that different languages are sensitive to the process by surface distinctions in different ways. Our non-monotonic approach to the problem guarantees extensibillty of the rule fragment, that is, we can add rules with conflicting conditions provided by a larger context in the future, when the interpretation is made from n broader perspective, for instance by including discourse phenomena and by using a knowledge base.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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