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<?xml version="1.0" standalone="yes"?> <Paper uid="C92-2086"> <Title>A METHOD OF TRANSLATING ENGLISH DELEXICAL STRUCTURES INTO JAPANESE</Title> <Section position="3" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> 2 Delexical Structures </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> This section introduces some definitions and characteristics of DS's. ADS basically takes the</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> as in &quot;give an answer,&quot; &quot;make an array,&quot; &quot;take an approach,&quot; &quot;have a battle,&quot; &quot;take advice,&quot; and &quot;make an announcement.&quot; Verbs such as &quot;put,&quot; &quot;cast,&quot; &quot;pay,&quot; &quot;lay,&quot; and &quot;throw&quot; are also known to work as delexical verbs \[Live\]. These are commonly-used transitive verbs.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="3"> DS's have some interesting semantic characteristics. A verb can be substituted for a DS in many cases, but the substitution is one way: thus &quot;step&quot; for &quot;take a step&quot; but not &quot;take a move&quot; for &quot;move&quot; \[Live\]. The verb-substitutable DS's choose one of possibly several word senses of the corresponding verb except when they are metaphoric. The selection is controlled by the co-occuring DV. Thus the same deverbal noun can form DS's which represent different meanings. null make an order ==> request for supply of goods give an order ==> command The DS's give a greater colloquial \[Konishi\] and euphemistic impression \[Yamanashi\] than the corresponding verb expressions and used frequently in modern English \[Live\].</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="4"> Another feature of a DS is that it gives the impression that the event is brief.' She gave a scream. (brief) She screamed. (not brief) \[Collins\] Some syntactic operations are possible on DS's. For example, adjectives and possessive pronouns can modify the deverbal noun, and some DS's can be used in passive forms.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="5"> In this paper, determiners are mainly considered as the modifier of the deverbal noun since they are the basic modifier of the DS's. The verbs &quot;take,&quot; &quot;make,&quot; &quot;have,&quot; and &quot;give&quot; are studied since these are the most common DV's.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="6"> As a result, we are able to obtain a DS in the following form:</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="8"> DV: Delexieal Verb (take, make, have, give) det: a, an, the NV: Deverbal noun</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="4" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> 3 Categorization of DS's </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> The previous section mentioned that a DS chooses a single sense of the corresponding verb. An example is shown in figure 1.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> Since a deverbal noun in a DS possesses some nominal sense of the matching verb, we can assume that a DS chooses a single sense of the deverbal noun and verbalizes it as shown in figure 2.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> We term this kind of DS an ordinary DS. A DS which cannot select any sense for a deverbal noun is termed an idiomatic DS.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="3"> An ordinary DS can further be categorized into a type-1 DS or a type-2 DS. ADS which verbalizes the primary meaning of a deverbal noun is a type-1 DS and one which verbalizes other meanings is a type-2 DS. The whole categorization is summarized below.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="5"/> </Section> <Section position="5" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> 4 Translation strategy </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> This section describes the basic strategy of DS translation. A concrete implementation will be described in section 6.</Paragraph> <Section position="1" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="sub_section"> <SectionTitle> 4.1 Parallels between Japanese and English </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> The DS categorization in section three was based on the selection of word senses for an English deverbal nouns. In many cases, we can assume parallels between English and Japanese: (1) The word sense of an English deverbal mmn can be translated into a Japanese word sense of a deverbal noun.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> (2) The verbalization of an English word sense in a deverbal noun and the verbalization of the corresponding Japanese equivalent can represent the same meaning.</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="2" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="sub_section"> <SectionTitle> 4.2 Type-1 DS </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> Taking advantage of these parallels, the translation of a type-1 DS can be achieved by verbalizing the core Japanese translation of the deverbal noun in a translation lexicon.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> As we can see from the table in \[Live\], type-I DS's are predominant. This justifies the use of type-1 as the default translation of unknown DS's.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> As most of this type can be used passively, and since deverbal nouns of this type are sometimes modified by adjectives and possessive pronouns, the translation mechanism should also allow the same degree of flexibility.</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="3" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="sub_section"> <SectionTitle> 4.3 Type-2 DS </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> This type can be translated iu approximately the same way as type-l. However, one difference is that this type verbalizes the peripheral Japanese translation in the lexicon. Since insufficient knowledge has been accrued on what makes the DS select the peripheral meaning, the collocation of DV's and deverbal nouns should be specified in a lexicon. As this type also permits some modification and allows passive transfommtion, it should be translated by synthetic approach.</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="4" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="sub_section"> <SectionTitle> 4.4 Idiomatic DS translation </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> This type does not verbalize any translation of the deverbal noun and is &quot;frozen&quot; in that the deverbal nouns are rarely modified by adjectives and the DS does not allow passive transformation. This type of DS must be listed in a lexicon in its full form with a proper translation. The implied definition of an idiomatic DS here is (1) it does not represent any word sense of individual components and (2) it resists any form of transformation.</Paragraph> </Section> </Section> <Section position="6" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> 5 Passivization rules </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> Some DS's can be substituted with a matching passive verb as shown in \[Live\], so that &quot;take comfort&quot; and &quot;take counsel&quot; can be paraphrased as &quot;be comt'orted&quot; and &quot;be counseled,&quot; respectively. Though the number of such cases does not seem to be large, it is important to translate them passively, otherwise the meaning of the translation is totally reversed. Most DS's which can be substituted by passive verbs should be translated in a passive sense in Japanese because of the parallels between the two languages. &quot;Take comfort&quot; and &quot;take counsel&quot; should thus be translated &quot;nagusame rareru&quot; and &quot;jyogen wo sareru.&quot; In this section, some rules tot passivizafion arc obtained by analyzing the \[Live\] table.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> Conditions for these rules will be sought in the syntactic and semantic characteristics of botb the DV and the deverbal noun.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> Table 1 is extracted from the table in \[Live\] listing the combinations requiring passive substitution. null</Paragraph> <Section position="1" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="sub_section"> <SectionTitle> 5.1 Condition for DV </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> &quot;Take&quot; and &quot;have&quot; have about 10 passive verb substitutable DS's, whereas &quot;make&quot; and &quot;give&quot; have only one. This suggests that conditions depend on the contrasting characteristics ACRES DE COLING-92. NANTES, 23-28 AO~r 1992 5 6 9 PROC. oI~ COLING-92, NANTES, AUO. 23-28, 1992 of &quot;take,&quot; &quot;have&quot; and &quot;make,&quot; &quot;give.&quot; &quot;Take&quot; and &quot;have&quot; have a common characteristic: the action moves from the object to the subject.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> With &quot;make&quot; and &quot;give,&quot; on the other hand, the action moves from the subject to the object.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> The characteristics of the take-have type seems to be the DV condition. Actually, we can see some hyponyms of take-have type forming passive verb substitutable DS's: I received encouragement from my friends. -~> I was encouraged by my fiiends.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="3"> Table 1 Combinations constituting passive verb substitutable DS's \[Live\] 1 DV's take comfort, counsel, hint, shape, advice, encouragement, examination, offense, 31easure, satisfaction DV's have 9romise, reward, approval, disturbance, diversion, examination, excuse, impression, ~leasure, reversal, satisfaction</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="2" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="sub_section"> <SectionTitle> 5.2 Conditions for deverbal nouns </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> To consider the conditions for a deverbal noun, formula (1) has been elaborated on to include a subject.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> Figure 5 Agreement between Y and Sub The conditions which make Y in (3) agree with Sub in (2) can be found in the syntactic and semantic characteristics of the verb Vt. &quot;Transitive&quot; is one of the conditions mentioned previously. This is not, however, sufficient as some transitive verb derivative nouns do not require passive verb substitution.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> Some examples are shown in the table 2.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="3"> Table 2 Combinations which constitute active verb substitutable DS's \[Live\] t DV's take approach, average, bet, command, count, dare, dislike, etc.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="4"> DV's have approach, array, battle, bet, catch, change, claim, command, debate, desire, dislike, display, dispute, doubt, dread, etc.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="5"> The deverbal nouns in Table 1 are a confined subset of Table 2. A common structure seen in the verbs in Table 1 is:</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="7"> while many verbs in Table 2 allow both <HUMAN> and < INANIMATE > in the object slot. Furthermore, the verbs in Table 1 expect some change or action in the object <HUMAN> while the verbs in Table 2 do not. The expected change or action is up to the will of the object <HUMAN>.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="9"> action, change (5) Verbs of this kind generally mean &quot;demand,&quot; &quot;request,&quot; &quot;order,&quot; and &quot;permission&quot; which have often been studied as &quot;perlocutionary acts.&quot; In fact, we found that some nouns derived from verbs in the &quot;perlocutionary act&quot; group AcrEs DE COLING-92. NANTES. 23-28 Ao~q&quot; 1992 5 7 0 PROC. ol: COLING-92. NANTES. AOO. 23-28. 1992 \[Yamanashi\] formed passive verb substitutable DS's.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="10"> Overwork apparently lmstened his death, because he continued to work hard, although he had had warning of his illness.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="11"> => ...had been warned...</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="12"> \[Kizuka\] Formula (5) has some variations. When the subject slot is identical to the object slot, the verb becomes reflexive, thus the interpretation of (5) is: the subject expects him/herself to be affected by the action of the verb.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="13"> obligate 1 have an obligation to suhinit a report to the company once a week.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="14"> => I obligate myself to submit a ...2 => I am obliged to submit a ...</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="15"> blame The coach took the blame for the poor performance of his team and resigned.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="16"> => The coacb blamed himself for the...</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="17"> => The coach was blamed lor the...</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="18"> \[Kizuka\] The variation even allows replacement of <HUMAN> in (5) with <INANIMATE>, which should be regzu'ded as a metaphoric variation of (5). For example, &quot;take shape&quot; is classified as a passive verb substitutable DS, 3 thus: My idea took shape. => My idea was shaped. The variation of(5) can be seen in the following: null X<ItUMAN, INANIMATE> shaped my idea < INANIMATE> --> action, change In summary, the deverbal noun conditions concerning passive verb substitutable DS's are: (1) deverbal nouns are derived from transitive verbs, (2) verbs take human subjects and objects, and (3) objects are expected to cbange as the possible paraphrase. Here we followed the table in \[Livel result of the action implied by the verb. Condition (3) can be discussed from the viewpoint of transitivity. Since the effect on the object is strong, strong transitivity occurs \[Ikegami\]. However, the result of the effect is not always certain and is up to the will of the object <HUMAN>.</Paragraph> </Section> </Section> <Section position="7" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> 6 Implementation </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> DS translation mechanisms were implenlented in an English to Japanese machine translation system \[Aizawa\]\[Tanaka\] based on the discussions in sections 4 and 5.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> This mechanism works after the parser has fixed the &quot;verb + object&quot; relationship between the I)V and the deverbal noun. The new translation selection mechanism was implemented by adding some leatures to the existing translation selection mechanism through the use of semantic markers.</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="8" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> (1) Idiomatic DS </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> An idiomatic DS is listed in the translation lexicou as it is with its Japanese translation.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> (2) Type-2 DS Among translations of a deverbal noun, if a peripheral translation is selected by a certain DV, the type-2 marker and the co-occuring DV are specified in the marker field of the translation. Tbe translation will be verbalized when the deverbal noun coooccurs with the DV specified in the marker field.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> (3) Type- 1 DS For all deverbal nouns, the core translation will be given a type-1 marker. When a DS does not clloose an idiomatic DS or a type-2 DS, the translation witb a type-1 marker will be verbaP ized.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="3"> An exmnple of type- 1 and type-2 markers are shown in figure 6. The two translations of &quot;exception&quot; can be properly chosen by the description. null (4) Passivization nile The translation of a deverbal noun which satisfies the three conditions mentioned in section 5 requires a passivization marker in addition to a type-I or type-2 marker. When they co-occur with either &quot;have&quot; or &quot;take,&quot; the translation will be verbalized in the passive voice.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="4"> (5) Verbalization Most of the Japanese translations of English deverbal nouns are so called &quot;sahen-meishi.&quot; Verbalization is done by simply adding &quot;wo suru&quot; to the tail for the active sense and &quot;wo sareru&quot; for the passive sense. This is realized ACRES DE COLING-92, NANTES, 23-28 ^o(;r 1992 5 7 1 Pn(~c, ol; COLING-92, NAN'rraS, AUG. 23-28. 1992 .......... (make an exceptioq !:r ........ ~ take exception to J for a deverbal noun simply by rendering the translations of &quot;make&quot; and &quot;give&quot; as &quot;wo suru,&quot; and of &quot;have&quot; and &quot;take&quot; as both &quot;wo sareru&quot; and &quot;wo sum,&quot; one of which will be selected.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="5"> An example lexical description for passivization and verbalization are shown in figure 7. &quot;Take advice&quot; and &quot;give advice&quot; are translated in passive and active voice respectively.</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="9" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> 7 Translation Experiment </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> The DS's contained in the AP texts were translated using this mechanism. Two dictionaries were compiled to test the effects of the mechanism. In one of the dictionaries, necessary markers were ascribed to 302 deverbal nouns - appearing in \[Live\] - and 4 DV's (take, make, have, give ). The other dictionary had no such modifications.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> All the March 1991 AP texts which contained both the DV's and the deverbal nouns mentioned above were selected by a simple filtering of the text. The filtered text was translated using the two dictionaries and the results were compared by human assessment. Sentences not having a &quot;verb - object&quot; relationship between the DV and deverbal noun were rejected. The results are shown in Table 4.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> The sentences which were translated correctly by both of the dictionaries were evaluated &quot;Equal.&quot; The &quot;Correct Rate,&quot; including &quot;Equal&quot; responses, reached nearly 100%.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="3"> Some of the results are shown below.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="4"> Upper translation is with the DS tranMation mechanism Translations without the DS translation mechanism produced the origiual word sense of the DV, resulting in awkward translations.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="5"> In Case 3, the DS correctly translated &quot; take the lead&quot; using &quot;riido wo suru (go ahead of)&quot; while the original system produced &quot;namari wo toru (pick up a piece of the metal lead).&quot; The revised mechanism thus successfully distinguished the ambiguity in the word sense of &quot;lead.&quot; In Case 4, the passive verb substitutable DS &quot;took some encouragement,&quot; in which the deverbal noun is modified by &quot;some,&quot; was successfully translated passively into Japanese. In the example which was made worse, &quot;give an impression&quot; was translated into &quot;inshou wo shite,&quot; which is worse than &quot;inshou wo ataete.&quot; This is due to the simple verbalization mechanism which attaches &quot;suru&quot; to all nouns backed up by heuristics. The transitive verb form of the Japanese word &quot;inshou (impression)&quot; is &quot;inshou zukeru.&quot; Further elaboration of the verbalization mechanism, such as the use of a noun/verb conversion table, will solve this problem.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="6"> The quality of the translation was improved remarkably, though the translation mechanism was quite simple.</Paragraph> </Section> class="xml-element"></Paper>