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<Paper uid="A92-1041">
  <Title>Lexicon Design Using a Paradigmatic Approach</Title>
  <Section position="3" start_page="0" end_page="247" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
2 Morphological Model Design
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> In order to build the mo.rphological model, an inte~ated environ- ment which allows edi'-tmg , viewing and comping the morpholoffical model descrioti6n, is available to the De-fining the morp.ho\].ogical model takes place m several steps, during &amp;quot; .whiCh the lin~afist hfis to specify the following; a) the categories, subcategories, features and their values, in a hierarchical manner b) the paradigmatic descriptions c) the default feature specifications associated to each paradigmatic description d) the lemma - entry correspondence, for each paradig- matic description e) the inflectional paradigms and root detection rules. . The hierarchical de~crip0.'on of features is achieved by correlating several feature sp&amp;ifications.+A feature s pe:#fication is given re, the fo .rna of a,(fe~ture: v~lu 9 ) pair.. We ~ a paradigmatic 9escripdon. a. hierarchical description build of several stmple (teature: value) pairs. F.lgu}e 1 ~ W-~nts, in the forrg_ of an incomplete tree, the hierarchical deki-ipfign Of features trom the morbhologi.cal model.for the Romanifin ~. By tree trave.rsal, all paradig- matic dgscriptions of the m.oclel ff~ay b~y generated. Each non-terminal node contains a single feature speck'_ca- tion. The leaf nodes .may contain one or more teature (#cations: A._gzordi~g &amp;quot; .to the su~r selection criteria, whib..h is a~ plmd when xasmng a non-terminal node, we can distingm~a</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> F'~mre 1 Hierarchical description of features O-lOOSE nodes(when only one successor is selected) or V'OREACH nodes (_when the individual selection of each successor is re- quired). In the figure, a V'OREACH node is outlined by a curve drawn over the emerging edges: By trave~ the tree across the longest path_ which starts trom the root node, thru CHOOSE nodes only, th6 selector of a paradigmatic description is obtained (e.g.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> CAT = NOUN&amp;SCAT = COMMON&amp;GEN = ~ CAT = VERB). The _description attached to a leaf node ts represented by means of a morpho-lexical acqui#. &amp;quot;tion scenario. A scenario entry (further on referred to as a slot) corresponds to a point of the parad~aatic de4~'ption spa~.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4"> Selectors of those descriptions allowin K default feature specifications are attached with (feature: value )pairs which are ~uk inheritances of the corre.sponding slots, fn our example me tollowing association is l~asu'ble: (CAT= VB) - &gt; (pER 12 3).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5"> The area of the m9rphplogi .c.c.c.c # model where the lemma - entry (from par adigmati.c - dePS~ripdpn ) correspondenees are descrl\]ged, .consi~.- in a specification ot the points from the paradigmatic . .de~ipdon spa_ces , which characterize the lemma field from the lexicon entry. Thks way, the lexical level required by the lexical transfer is ensured.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="6"> The .last step in. the morphologi.'cal model description is to inform, me s3~stem about how to buTdd inflexional p~adigms - and root detection rules. For each paradigma_ tic desci-iption the lint~st~ may specify more paradiginatic encfing &amp;quot; families from which t e system then builds the inflectional paradigms. For the Rom/mian hnguage, there have been identified 136 inflectional paradigtns. ).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="7"> Bas~l o(n ~'I~e 1.mf198~onal pgradign~ the system will determine the rules for root detection and word-lorm generation. Such a rule has the follpwing form:</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="9"> ~dae root is what rernaim from the word after dropping the &lt; inflexion &gt; ~dae root belongs to the &lt; inltectional-Lgaradig m &gt; othe contextual-information corresponding to the current word is ~'en by &lt; slot-number &gt; b) g a root belongs to the &lt; inflectional-paradigm &gt; and it is used in the context given by &lt; slot -numlSer &gt; then othe word is obtained-by concatenating the given root with the &lt; inflexion &gt;. The lexicographer's interface is stric0y deoendent on the Sofpeo-fim~ejCatiomfrom the linguist's interface sifice a'lar~e part of the ormer is built automatically from the spedfications o-f tile latter.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="11"> The fields &lt; lemma &gt;, &lt; _p,gradigmafi'c-deslaJption-selector &gt; and &lt; inflexional-paradigm &gt; have 0ae obvious meaning.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="12"> The field &lt; root &gt; may contain one or more roots~Inserting r .oots in the lexicon takes place in such a way that these should inherit the morphologicaI descriptions bel6nging to the slots where they occur.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="13"> By &lt; syntactic-description &gt; ~ refer to restrictions on co-occurrence with other words .(or phrases). In order to slxcify such restrictions for the Roman~ ~6 we have perfor/ned subeategorization of verbs based on their valency, object categories which .they govern(ea,~ a direct object may be an accu~.a. -tive noun without pre0osition, a reflexive pronoun or a non- finite form of a verb) and semantic features.The latter allow a noncontextual subcatego.rizati.on (for exarn ple of nouns_) and a contexual one ~ sel~tional resfrictions (ih the case of ve.rbs).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="14"> Typically, verb~ have a valency between 1 and 3 (th. otigh imp&amp;sonaI verbs may have valen .cy 0). The inlransitive verbs.are claksified accor .ding to semantic criteria (verbs of motion~ state) or by their syntactic usa~ (like predicativi~ auxiliaries, urgpers6nal verbs with dative ). W'e should-notice that the same verb maybe transitiv 9 or intransitive, accor &amp;quot;ding to its m e.,~fin~; for example a ajuq. ~ (to get to) with the meaniffg a pt/nde (to catch) is trangitive and ~tli th~ mefining aft su~ (tobe enofigh) is h/transitive.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="15"> Trivalent.verbs &amp;quot;m.iSlude verbs tgking: ~wo direct., objects which have different meanings and are not coordinated (the first one is doubled by an accusative, personal pronotai).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="17"> oa direct object and an object clause L-am rfigat sa-mi bnpnvn~ pi~.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="18"> .l aske4 .mm to tend me the pe~. . oa ff~rect ~ject and an inc~rect object L-am iritrebat desp~ cane.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="19"> l asked him ~ the book.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="20"> For each syntactic .des~i. &amp;quot;ption, the lexicographer ma.y provide one or more semantic degcril~ion~ The &lt;semanti6-clesc0&amp;quot; pfion &gt; field contaim the name oT a case-frame structure placed m a generic-specific hierarchy. The actual semantic descriI~tious are stored in a separate data area, than the rest of the leficon, and they are managed independently of MORPHO-2.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="21"> A lexicon e21itor offers the lekicographer commands for delet~g. modifying a lexicon entry and ~aen&amp;quot; listing according t 9 different requests with respect to entry fields (Dtffnilxescu,1991).</Paragraph>
  </Section>
  <Section position="4" start_page="247" end_page="247" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
4 Morpho-Lexical Processing
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> The target natural l,~mguage processing system is the beneficiary of the morpho-lexical processes execut~ byMORPHO-2. _Wordforms ~ and synf.hesis are mediated b~ a proce.ss interlace.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> In the case of 1.~c~.. analysis, if the interface is giyen a sequence_of words, it will return a sequence of morpho-lexical atoms. &amp;quot;lhe stru~ure of these atoms is presented belo~</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> A morphological descriodon contaM~ both contextual and context-free inf6i'mafion. The former is oOained from en &amp;quot;ding and the latter from the lexicon en_tly corresponding to th~ root. The information for the other fields from the atom stru~ure is ~ taken from the lexicon entw_ correslx)nding, to the root.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4"> With respect to the result of morphoqogi _c91 congruence and root relxievfl within the lexico~ we may daTsfifv the moroho-lexi- cal atoms as unambiguous, am _b~ru_ous ~ind undetermined.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5"> The unambiguous morlaho-lexical atoms assodate the analyzed word with a single \[emma. Inthe case of a root which .corr~po.nds to one lemma and ~ more poss~.qgle morpholegi.cal descriflions, for the same para.digmatic description selector, the system will attempt to compact them.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="6"> The ambiguous morpfio-lexical atoms come from words to which severaHemmae .may be attached. The association of a root with several lemmae is possible either due to ambiguity ot category (e.g. noun vs. verb) or to apparent homography, gene~at&amp;1193/ the absence of prosodic ma?rkers in the R0hmifi~n Kangt~. (m6dele, mod6le, ac61e, ficele, modfil, m6dtfl, etc.). The lX~O_~ iriterpretafions are ordered in such way that those Which come from shorter roots (that means longer ending) have prio.rity.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="7"> The undetermined morpho-lexical atoms correspond to words which have no entry in the lexicon. The atoms generated in this situation have the foll6wing structure:</Paragraph>
  </Section>
  <Section position="5" start_page="247" end_page="247" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
(UNKNOWN &lt; unknown-word&gt;
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> ( &lt; ixm~'ble-root &gt; &lt; morphologicMe.scri'pdon &gt;'~*) The unknown word is associated with aql legal segmentations and for each of them the morphological inf6i'rnation deduced from the identified en &amp;quot;dings is prOcidex\[ Lexical synthesis is the reverse of lexical analysk The process interface ensures conversion of a morpho-lexical atom sefluence into a word _Sg:luence. The morpho-lekical, synthe.sis requi/es the descri'ption of niorpho-lexical atoms accordifig to the pattern: I. &lt; entry-identifier &gt; &lt; morpholoKjc .Mesc~.p0.'on &gt; &lt;svntachc-de =riiXion&gt;) .whe~ &lt; entry-identifier &gt; maybe a lemma, a root or a semantic descri~on.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> We have to point out that previous to morpho-lexical analysis and svnthe.~&amp;quot; tile target pr~r may co n0g~re the structureot morpho-.lexical atoms according to tlie desired application, by means ot a communication protocol.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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