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<Paper uid="E87-1029">
  <Title>AUXILIARIES AND CLITICS IN FRENCH UCG GRAMMAR</Title>
  <Section position="3" start_page="174" end_page="175" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
AUXILIARIES
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> The following are the main features allowing a correct treatment of auxiliaries in a French UCG grammar.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> Features as presented in Figure 1 column (ii): PSPA for past participles of verbs using avoir as auxiliary, PSPE for verbs used with ~tre, PAS for passive participle. They allow for the distinction between finite and non-finite forms and between participles used with avoir or ~tre.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> Values for the CL label : v value denotes the fact that the verb is &amp;quot;virgin&amp;quot; i.e. has not consumed any of its arguments.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> Values for GE, biB, PERS allow for correct agreement of the past participle and between auxiliary and subject A unique format for perfect tenses with avo/r and ~tre and for passive constructs with ~tre was designed as  where STRING and FEAT can take values avo/r and psp a or ~tre and pspe or pets; the agreement of the auxilliary unifying with the agreement of the participle will insert the correct agreement on the nominative argument in the participle and thus will control the agreement of the subject with the auxiliary-participle unit. One of the main achievements of our French UCG grammar is to have a single lexieal entry for a verb, nonwithstanding differences in semantics according to  tense, free word order, and constrained word order due to critics.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4"> Standard lexical entries present word order as for non-clitic arguments, and semantics as for the infinitive. A morphological component allows for a dynamic transformation of these entries according to tense gender and person.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5"> Thus, typical entries look like :  This can then correctly be combined with the subject Made (2b) respecting the agreement auxiliarysubject and subject-participle (because it is used with ~tre)</Paragraph>
  </Section>
  <Section position="4" start_page="175" end_page="175" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
CLITICS
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> Beside the fact that critics in French are always placed before the verb or verb-auxilriary unit (as it was said before) there are also restrictions concerning placement between then It is thus necessary to specify (17 a) and to  exclude (17 b), among others.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> (17) (a) Made lu~.t ! a donn6 un Livrel,~l (b) Made a lui/~.q donn6 un livre\[,~\]  The main problem with French clitics is that arguments combine in a different order with the verb according to (a) whether they are critic or not and (b) whether they are first/second person or third person.  (18) (a) Made donne un Hvre/,~l ~ Pierre\[~l (b) Marie lug,.,\] donne un livretuc\] (c) Marie le\[~ I lui\[~.q donne (d) Made mep.tl letw.~ l donne  The core of conditions on critic ordering in French can he found in (19). These a'ansitions are valid for argumental critics and non-argumental ones (for example, VP modifiers, as y in 1l y a apport~ un livre), but the present paper is only intended to cover the argumental ones.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> The complex information of the matrice are included in a uniform way in the critics lexical entries. The basic template for clitic is :</Paragraph>
    <Section position="1" start_page="175" end_page="175" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
:Siring
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> where the relation between Clo2 and Clol constains the matrice information relevant for each clitic.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
  </Section>
  <Section position="5" start_page="175" end_page="175" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
IMPLEMENTATION
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> The UCG French grammar has been implemented at the Laboratoires de Marcoussis (France) on a VAX 780 in C-PROLOG using PIMPLE, a PROLOG implementation of a PATR-II like tool for development of unification grammars, implemented by the Centre for Cognitive Science of Edinburgh University.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> Some more examples with auxiliaries and critics Entries for the sentence Marie la lui a donn~e :</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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