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<?xml version="1.0" standalone="yes"?> <Paper uid="J79-1002"> <Title>The Lesical Subclasses of the Linguistic String Parser</Title> <Section position="5" start_page="66" end_page="66" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> 2 - an ungrammatical sequence </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> x - - x Rhe underlined term) is the class being subclassed in the frame or a particular lexical item used in the frame.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> s - - s (the double undarlin.ec1 term) is the class being subclassed in the frame where the frame also contains a particular lexical item (X) - in a franc! an optional element (S) - in a demition, a further subdivision of a subclass T - article D - adverb OBJ - a cover tcrm for all. the object strings (see ol~jcct string reference wide) Sh&quot; - an embedded sentence of the following types: TEIATS '- That John was here FORTOVO - fqr Mary to go TOVO - to live SVINGO - then1 worlring overtime Cl SIIOULD - that John b-e here SWI~ - \~l~~thq+j ~vliy/ how. . .he went It should also be noted tM-EU the specified frame which delimits a word is not the only frame in ~vhid.~ fhiZt word can occur; it serves merely as the test frame when classifying words. The presellt paper is an outgrowth of ongoing work on the LSP lexicon throughout its various implementations and applications since 19G5. It draws particularly an a previous write-up of the LSP gramr (fl. Sager, &quot; i Computer String Grammar of Ehglish&quot; ,ring Program Report No. 4, Linguistic String Project, New York University, 1968), diagnostic frames prepared for LSP use by Barbara Anderson, and classification work by many members of the LSP staff over the years.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> Fbr a recent description of the LSP systembsee R. Grishman, N. Sager, C. Raze, and B. Bookchjn, !'The Linguistic String Parser &quot;, Proceedings of the 1973 National Computer Conference, A FIPS, Montvale, N. J.</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="6" start_page="66" end_page="66" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"/> <Paragraph position="2"/> </Section> <Section position="7" start_page="66" end_page="66" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> AASP: </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> an adjective is in AASP if it occurs N be Addj to V OBJ only witti the non-sentential (non-SNI right</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> contained, sentence) (DSNG, 7) : John is free to leave.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="3"> John is able to walk.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="4"> She is fit to work.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="5"> $ John is able for Bill to walk. $ John is able that Bill walks. The book is @to fall.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="6"> 8 John is able whether Bill walks. You are a& to be asked for money. Adjectives \Yhich occur with both non-It is a> to be assumed that John left. sentential and sentential right adjuncts arc not in AASP (see ASENTI, ASENT3), e.g.: She is due - to arrive at five. She was right to object.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="7"> Jolm is certain to go: John is certain that he will go. John is not certain whether to go. John is eager to go.</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="8" start_page="66" end_page="66" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> NOT AASP: </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> John is eager for Mary to go: Jolm is certain to go. (ASENTI) Ile is anxious to leave. (ASENT3) WORD LIST: able, fit, free, quick, readv, set, sbw. AINPA: Fr aine : an adjective is in subclass AINPA if in it occurs in the adjective position in the</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> qentence adjunct string PA (P = - in or atJ; e.g.: in general, at present, in particular Ehamples : (WPOS11) .</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="3"> The particular P must be specific 1 In general, we can maintain the following. far each adjective. We do not, at present, know the answer. We cannot say, in advance, what tomorrow will bring.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="4"> We didn 't know what to think about her state- null ment at first.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="5"> Dictionary Entry: GENERAL.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="6"> ADJ: (.lo), . . . , 10 AINPA: (4 IN4 ).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="7"> WORD LIST: advance (in), best (at), first (at), full (in), general (in), last (at), least (at), particular (in), present (at), short (I). en adjc.ctivc is in tht. small subclass N Ad 1 X (X # adjunct or conjunct of ad]) AfNRN if it can occur as a single-word right adjunct of a noun (WN50) : Ehamplcs : the pcwplc prcscnt The figure above illustrates this point. tllc conclusions possible The people absent represent the dissenting Non-AINIIN ad jcctivcs in IiN recluirc opinion.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="8"> an adjunct or colljullc t (lirN50) : This man alone understands the consequences. an item worthy of your attention 8 an item worthy The arguments necessary have been listed a sum greater than they expected below. $ a sum peat (er) a man courageous and true 8 a man courageous 'IYOIID LIST: above, absent, alone, apparent, available, available, due, nccossary , observable, obtainable , possible, prcscnt, relevant, yesponsiblc, visible. APREQ: Frame: an adjective (or Ving or Vs form of the verb) is in APREQ if it occurs before a cr, Adj Q N quantifier which is a left adlunct of N (il'N5),</Paragraph> <Section position="1" start_page="66" end_page="66" type="sub_section"> <SectionTitle> Examples : </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> e.g. : an additional five people the following three items An additional five people were found. The following three items were mentioned. The occurrence of superlative adjec- Please make the next several payments on tives before Q N (the tallest three boys) is time. accounted for by a separate statement in WN5; therefore, su~erlative forms should not be listed 3s A PREQ.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> We chose the first few people to ~velcome him. The next ten people will constitute the control group., WORD LIST: above, additional, another, best, bottom, first, good, last, necessary, nest, other, own, particular, previous, representative, same, top, usual, very, wrong.</Paragraph> </Section> </Section> <Section position="9" start_page="66" end_page="66" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> ASCALE: Franlc : </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> an adjective is in ASCALE if it can Q N AdJ. (Adj is not comparative) occur to the right of the measure scquencc QN in which N is in suhclass NUNIT (inches, Fhamylcs: feet, pounds, years, etc.) &i7Q2), e.g., long in The line is 10 inches long.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> a ten inch long linc.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> Tile line is ten inches lollg.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="3"> Tlzis is a ten u~ch long linc.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="4"> ASCAL I< includcs w, wide, - dccp , He is five years old. hroarl , tall, thick, high, old.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="5"> -- Ile is a five year old child.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="6"> Since both ASCALE and non-ASCALE: adjcctivcs can occur in Q N AQJ in their This arca is 200 fret squarc. col~lparativc form (three shacles ----- darlccx) , This is a 200 foot scluQi-c area.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="7"> the Q N Con~parative tic1 i. is accountccl for by a separate statenlent in \jTQ2. Thcrcfore, comparative foi-ms need not be listeci as ASCALE.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="8"> WORD LIST: broad, c\eep, high, long, old, prcn~e~urc . sc~~al-c, tall , midc.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="10"> occur as the object of the verb be - \i.hcn the Ihan~ples : subject of - be is a string froa1 tllc set SN %at he sold boolis is probable.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="11"> Wllether he will come is uncertain.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="12"> It is~ould be bad for John to leave no\\. That \\ e solve the problem immediately is ciwcial.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="13"> As the object of thc lrel-11 he -9 an It is cimcial that \\e solve the ])roi~lcnl imadjective in ASENTI may have a string n~cdiatel y.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="14"> from bN as its adjunct , provided the subject of be - is - it (DSN2) : That the; lit--1 is obvious.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="15"> It is probable that he sold Isoolcs. 8 John is probable that he solcl bolcs. \\?~cthel- tht11+ \\.ill conlc isn't cleal-. Several adjectives npllich occur as ASENTI arm occur as ASENT:3, e.g.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="16"> It isn't clear \i.hethcr they \{ill come. John is certain that he sold books Dictio~larp klntl-y:</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="18"> Therefore, such adjectives sllould be listed as both ASENTl and ASENT3.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="19"> ASENTl is subdivided according to the type of SN string with ivl&d~ the parti- null Whether he will come is uncerta~n.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="20"> It is uncertain whether he will come AS ENTl: (A FORTO) is further sub-divided into three classes according to the type of extraction from the embedded sentence \~hich occurs with a particular adjcctive; viz. : 1) ASENTI: (AFORTO: (OBSEXT)) occurs in -.. N, t be -- (for N1) to V -N2: The problem will be easy for Jolm to solve.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="21"> related to For Jolm to solve the problem will be easy.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="22"> occurs in - Ni t be -- to V OBJ: John was kind to invite me.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="23"> related to Fbr .John to invite me was kind.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="24"> 3) AS ENTl i (A FORTO: OEXT)) occurs with neither type of extraction : For John to write a letter now tv~ulcl be curious.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="25"> 3 A letter would be curious for John to write now.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="26"> 8 John would be curious to tvrite a letter now.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="27"> All three subclasses of ASENTI: (AFORTO) Can occur with a PN adjunct: Fbr us to leave now would be bad for John.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="28"> f;br John to invite me was kind of him. fir us to leave now would seem curious to John.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="29"> WOLIiD LIST: A FORTO: OBJEXT: bad, base, convenient, difhlt , easy', simple; A FORTO: SUBJ'EXT: gross, just, kind, original, rash, wrong; A FORTO: NOWT: c~~~ious, justifiable, permissible, possible, practical, usual; ASHOULD: ~rUcial, desirable, essential, important, right; ATnKIT : apparent J bad, certain, crucial, curious, good, importm~t, just, likely. natural peculiar , possible, sighificant , undcrstmdable, wrong: A: clca r , in.C;i g~lifi~m~t. ~Ioui~tfiil. unccr tain , unclear.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="30"> - -- an adjective is an ASENT3 if, as the object of be, - it can have a sentential right (N f expletive it) adiunct SN while the subject of - be is not Ekalnples : ne@essa~ily it - (see ASENTI); i.e. , AS ENT3 null can occur in the environment N t be -- SN: I would be happy for you u, come.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="31"> He is certain that they passed his doorway.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="32"> He is tall that they passed his doorwav. ASENT3 is subdivided according to the type of SN string wmin which the par-</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="34"> They were eager for the speaker to address the crowd.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="35"> I am insistent that you go alone. I am certain that John will come. I'M grateful 'that the stuff arrived on time. We re happy that you can come.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="36"> He is doubtful whether the plans Mil come off.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="37"> I'm not sure whether they \\ill come. We are uncertain nvhy he left.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="38"> We are uncertaifi why he left.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="39"> Die tionar y Ent qy : position as left adjuncts of NTIMEl (NTIME1 &am includes week, - year, day, etc .) (WPOS10). last week, John told Mary the news. 8 Good week, John told Mary the news. I will see him next year.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="40"> He looked better this - time.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="41"> WORD LIST: last, next, this.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="42"> COMPARATIVE: an adjective is in the subclass COMPARATNE if it can occur in the environment - N1 t be -- than N,: John is happier than Bill.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="43"> 8 John is tender than Bill.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="45"> John is happier than Bill.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="46"> Adjcctivcs listed as COMPAIIATTVE This light is dimmer than that one. also occur to tile right of the measure se-My left hand is number than my right.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="47"> qucl~cc QN in which N is in subclass NUNIT (cf. ASCALU (WQF) , (e.g. : three shades A is higher than B.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="48"> darker, one pound lighter) CORIPARATIVK a(1jcctives arc listed separately from their positive forms.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="49"> UTORD LIST: ablefir, deeper, earlier, greater, higher, larger, narrower, number, rougher, simpler, smallcr , straighter, stranger, stronger, sweeter, weaker. SUPERLATIVE: an adjective is in the subclass SI1LyPF:R LATIYE if it occurs with the suffis - (ekt</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="10" start_page="66" end_page="66" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> TNQN </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> before a cluantifier which is a left adjunct of 'N (MrN5), e.g.: the ~t~orst ten days the tallest three boys Cf. APQE:Q.</Paragraph> <Section position="1" start_page="66" end_page="66" type="sub_section"> <SectionTitle> Fkamples : </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> TI~ose were the Lvorst tep clays of my life.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> Tl~r longest five minutes of my life Rere spent waiting for tlxis.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> Give me the tallest five lmys.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="3"> ROIXD LIST: ablest, dcepest , greatest, highest, ligl~tcst, longest, lowest, narrowest, roughest, simplest, straightest, strangest, s\~cctist, tallest., . Noun Subclasses.</Paragraph> </Section> </Section> <Section position="11" start_page="66" end_page="66" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> AGGR EGAT E: </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> a singular noun is in AGGREGATE if it cah occur as the subject of 1~1th definitely singular verbs and definitely plural verl~s, (WAGREEl): c.g.: The group has changed its mind.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> The group have changed their minds.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> An AGGREGATE ;:noun callnot occur as a prrtlicate of - bc \\,hen the suhiect of tho sentence is singular (WAIGll EIZ) : ,3' Ele is a group.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="3"> In the construction Q of S', if N is singular, it is AGGR EGAT 1' (lh7N5:3) : five of the gl-oup )!! five of the hook Also AGGII IXAT I< nouns can occur</Paragraph> <Section position="1" start_page="66" end_page="66" type="sub_section"> <SectionTitle> Fkamples : </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> Thc group has changed its mind.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> The g~oup have changed their minds.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> The couple is of me mind Thc couple are of one mind.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="3"> The pul~lic (I~sapproves of it.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="4"> The j~ul~lic disapprove of it.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="5"> A minority i's in favor of tllc action. A minorif y. arc in favor of tllc action. as the subject of collcctivc ancl rpcip~*ocal verbs (WAGR 1: El) : The group @thered.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="6"> $ He gathered.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="7"> The goup met.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="8"> fi Hc met.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="9"> Tests for NHUMAN allow for UGIIE-GATE nouns in the NHUM AN position : The group who call themselves the rangers are waiting. (WWIi:3) He brougllt the group a present. (Li'POS2 2).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="10"> WORD LIST: aggregate, assembly, block, board, couple, e~~scmble , family, group. government, majority, nlino@ty, pair, publlie, remainder, segment. INITIAL (abmic clas~) : used for abbreviation of proper names (harry - S. Truman), names of organizations (A. F. of L.) , etc.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="11"> The. 26 letters of the Englisl~ alphabet must appear in the dictionary each folloived by a period.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="12"> A nnun is in NAME if' it can occur in</Paragraph> </Section> </Section> <Section position="12" start_page="66" end_page="66" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> NCLASSI FI EI<: </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> A noun is in NCIASSf I;'IE:R if it accurs as the host of another noun, N?; where N, wcurs in conlnlaless apposition to NCLASSII'IRR, e.g.: the term revolution the element lfydrogcn All NCLASSI FIE 1:s are NOh'IILTRMX; for r\: KTJUBTAN apposition (my friend Jolm) see NAhiE and NCOTJNT::).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> n~etalinguistic words that iilt roducc tcrmin ology , c .g. tclm, synlbol ,</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="4"> The symhol S .is interpreted as the subject of a sentence.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="5"> Linguists oftan confuse the - terms string ancl sequence.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="6"> Tlle esl~ressiol~ I1a1-ificrl g~ammal- .u7ill be used to refer to thc grammar in Appendix It.</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="13" start_page="66" end_page="66" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> NC LASSI FTEIi2: </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> classifier words specific to the subject The element hydrogen is the lightest suhmatter area (supplied by the user), e.g.: stance.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> element, drug, acid, enzyme, e)rtract, hor- null mone , lon, mineral , .coefficient, factor, ctc . The dng digitalis promotes undesirabJe side effects.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> Note: An NCLASSIFIER noun should not be confused with the host of a relative The feature singular is necessary here. clause S - N construction. If a noun can occur as N, in the string The N, N, bc . . .</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="3"> then N, is a NCMSSIFIER. For cxamplc: The element hydrogen is the lightest substance.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="4"> Therefore element js an NCIASSI FI ER. IJotvever , The reaction digitalis produces is dangerous.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="5"> The reaction digitalis is dangerous. Therefore, reaction is not an, NCLASSI FtEII. WORD LIST: NCLASSII;? ER1: espressioq, syml)o], , term. NC LASS1 FTEII2 : acid, amphibian, cl~emical , carrier, compound, drug, cnzyn.le. estrac t , fibre, hormone, ion, isolate, mineral, molecule. NCOLLECT'IVK: . Frame: a noun is in NIU'OLLECTIVE if it oc-N CV.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="6"> curs as the uon-plural subject of a collec- null tive verb when that verb hqs a null object, N tV - N.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="7"> Dust gathered in the corners.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="8"> $A book gathered in the corners.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="9"> man~~les:, or as the non-plural object of a collective In the corners:, dust - collected. verb, (WAGREE:;), e.g.: The shelf will @hey dust.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="10"> The shelf will gather a booli.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="11"> Cf. AGGREGATE.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="12"> While he \\.as away, the fortune accumulated. The cell accumulates sodium.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="13"> These -books will only gather dust. He accumulated a forhu~e.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="14"> WORD LIST: acid, alcohol, ammonium, blood, calcium, change, digitalis, down, energy, evidence, fluid. hydrogen, interest, knou-ldge, plasma, salt, sweat. NCOUNfi : Rame : occurs ir~ the environnlent A 01) -- tV OW, and not in the environment -- tY OW.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="16"> Nouns not classified as NCOUNTl (LC., mass nouns and many abstract nouns) caq A - book fell. begin a headless relative clause S-N (DN5.1): digital is) A series of coincidences occurred.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="17"> The reaction</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="14" start_page="66" end_page="66" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> 3 drug </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> produces . . .</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> Book fell.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> 2 A blood flows. WORD LIST: qct, advance, agent, amount, amphibian, analogve, animal, antidiuretic, assoc null iate, auricle, author, back, can, case, cat, cation, cause, chemical, chief, claim, collaborator, complex, compound, conclusion, controversy, correlate. cortex, couple, covering, decrease, degree, difference, dog, draw, drug, enzyme, equation, essential, event, example, explanation, factor, foot, fit, fraction, gradient, gross, group, human, hypothesis, inhibitor, investigator, ion, isolate, junction, king, lead, length, limit, loolt , make, maximum, mean, meeting, negative, nucleus, number, original, peak, ueriod, point, preliminary, president, problem, question. relation, relative, say, significance, source, subject, synthesis, test, thing, total, try, whole, worker, year NC OUN-T2 : Frame : an NCOUNTl which, as the object of a specified preposition P, occurs tvitllout a</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="4"> which occurs with a given NCOUNT2 is specified in the dictionary entry of that NCOUWTZ. He came by - car Note: It is not necessary to apply the The solution is at hand.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="5"> NCOUNT2 test to a word not classified as</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="15" start_page="66" end_page="66" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> NC OU~TI. </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> In conclusion, IIis illness was of ~ancreatic origin. He, stayed at home What is at issue here ? Dictionary Enm:</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> WORD LIST: amount (in), answer on), approach (in), assumption (in, l~y), bed (in), case (in), charge (in), collclusion (in) , contra'ct (against, by, from, in, into, on) , course (in, of, on), depyee (in, of1 , end (without), estimate (according to, beyond, by), example (by, for), foot (on), focus (in, into, out of)-, gross (in), hand (at, by, in, on, out of), kind (in) , length (at, in), limit (l,cyond,within, without), line hn, on, off) , mark @f) , measure (beyond, to), number (according to beyond, by , fn, of, without), parallel (in, without), phase (in, out of), place f according t6, in, into of, out on, point on) , position (in) , process (in), question (beyond, in, into, under, without) , ratio (in), reach (beyond, in, into, out of, withid, sho~~ (for, in, on), significance (of), turn (in) , viev (from, in, inb , onj , way (by).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="4"> NCOUNTls which can occur without NtbeN a preceding article. alter be or in the object</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="6"> position in SOBTHE and OBJBE (see OBJLIST:</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="8"> He is president.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="9"> We- elected him president. He remained president.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="10"> Ile is president.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="11"> I am tr-easurer.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="12"> He is chief investigator. We elected him president. They appointed me treasurer. WORD LIST: collcctor, director, head, investigator , judge, president, secretary. NH,U+N: Can occur as the firsir noun in the string NN -L i.e., as indirect object -- null She bg&quot;nt the boy a book. Shc wlute the ~srorliers a letter. The man who ate the cheese left. 91c showcd i~c-r relations the prt>scint. NHUMAN does uot wcur as the host The man - whom you saw was Bob.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="13"> N of a right-adjunct PN string with P - - into Sl~e needs a friend who can care for her. (WNLil) : 8 The children into the house are noisy, or as the subject of the sentential predicate be - -I- SP? (DSN1) : 8 The man is that we need rhoney.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="14"> WORD LIST: agent, boy, chemist. doctor, German, host, independent, judge, man neighbor, native, neighbor-, ~bserver , parent, person, pmsicknt, relation, representative, sister, student, subject, woman, worker.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="15"> NLETTER: a now subclass \vhio11 colltains all the letters of the English alphabet. It is used in the NQ string as a variant of Q (T'i'Nl2r: size 5 size B NONHU hx.AN: a 110~1 is in NONHUMAN if it callilot occur as the subject of a verb in VSENT3 i( N - tV (V NOTNSUBJ: NONHUMAN) (e .g. : believe, deny, discover, -- kno~\~, read) &,ample~ : and other verbs which require a l~urnah sub-ject (e.g.: hand, - laugh, long, skin) fiVSEL2)-. -Cf. NOTNSUM.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="16"> 3 The clock believes that this is so. 8 The account knows that he is wrong. fi The apparatus laughed.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="17"> WORD ISST: ability, act, assumption, balance, can, day, dose, enzyme, feature, frog, gland, hypothesis, interaction, junction, London, mean, need, organ, pathway; peak, position, property, range, satupation, tension, use, wonder. N: PLURAL: Frame: a noun is in fie subclass N: PLURAL if it occurs in the environment These -- tV - null These men love mry.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="18"> 8 This men love Mary.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="19"> WORD LIST: abilities, ages, combinations, data, effects, groups, measures, mucosae, observations, parallels, problems, rises, seconds, tries, uncertainties, uses. valencies, wants, years. NPII. EQ: I+%me : a noun which is not also a propername is it1 NPREQ if it occurs as the N of the se-TNQN quence N - Q (Q quantifier, here restrictec' Pkampl cS : to numbers) in the left adjunct of a N, i .e., if it occurs in the environment T -- Q N a size ten dress a El 7 solution, a model six radio WORD LIST: area, base, Bgurs, model, pattern, pH, phase, section? site, stage, table, type. NSCALE: Frame: Subclass NSCALE can almost be defined extensionally. It cor$ains the words</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="16" start_page="66" end_page="66" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> QNPN - </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> length, width, depth, height breadth , thick- null Examples: - ness , e, weigllt, volume, area, and perhaps .a few others. These words occur as Nt in The line is two inches in w11. the sequence Q N, P N, where N1 - NUNIT Ile is five years of w.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> (incl~es, years, etc .) and Q quantifier, including number s (WQ3). The area measures twenty feet in width. bl the case of length sequence Ct\cro The rectangle is two inches along the diameter. inches) a class of nouns, also classified as NSCALE, can occupy the place of length in P NSCALE: two inches in diameter, in circumfrence , along the diagonal, etc .</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> (The aciverbs across and arowlcl can also occupy the P NSCALE position.) WORD LET: age, altitude, area, breadth, height, intensity, length, luminosity, strength, volume, wavelength, width, circumfrence , diameter, thickness. NSENTP: Frame : occurs in the environment It be P --SN, where P is of or to (DSN5). The ~l~oice It be P N SN.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="4"> of of or to must be indicated in the dictionary entry of Gch NSENTP.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="5"> Examples : P + NSENTP functions like sentential It is of ihterest \vhether he cqme, adjectives: It is of interest that 'he cameL, It is of significance tlmt l~e was here.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="6"> similar to It is interesting that he came; - It is to his advantage (for him) to be here, It is to your advantage (for you) to be here. similar to It is advantageous for him to bc here. 1)ictionar-y mti-g: INTER EST.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="7"> N: .11,. . . .</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="8"> 11 NSENTP: (i 0174 ), . .</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="9"> WORD LIST: account, advantage, concern, consequence, csscncc , inlportancc, int crest, r~lorneilt, necessity, note, value, weight.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="11"> occurs with a 'ight adjunct SN (SN an embedded, or contained, sentence) or a predicate be - + SN but not ~vith both in the same string pSN5).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="12"> The fact that he left surprised me.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="13"> The fact is that no one wants to come.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="14"> The fact that he left is that no one wantmtm come.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="15"> Note : To avoid col~fusion betwe en NSENTl + SN and the relative clause N THATS-N (e.g., The book that he wrote) use an intransitive verb in the contained, or embedded, clause of the test sentence, viz., The falct that the atom exists is clear.</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="17" start_page="66" end_page="66" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> 3 The book that the atom mists is clear. </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> NSENTl is subdivided according to the type of SN string with which the parti-. cular NS-ENTls occuc; i .c., 1) NSENql: (A FORTO) The plan for him to go.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> His attempts to lmve 2) NSENT1: (ASHOZTLD) .</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> The demand that salaries be raised</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="18" start_page="66" end_page="66" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> 3) NSENT~: (ATHAT) </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> The fact that they enrolled 4) NSENT1: (AWN) The auestion whether to- .vote names : Tr) N be SN.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> The demand, that salaries be raised was rebuffed.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> The plan for him to go to college was foremost in their minds.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="3"> His atte~pts to leave were noticed. The fact that they enrolled is Imown. The questiou ~vl~etlier or not to vote wrs posed.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="4"> WORD LIST: demand, move, notice, order, suggestion, direction, analysis, asSumption , charge, claim, conclusion, criticism, doubt, estimate, fact, finding, hypothesis, idea, interpretation, hovvledge, observation, position, postulate, report, representation, response, theory, thought, view, alternative, question. A noun is in NSENT2 if it can occur in the environment T -- SN is SN (DSN5). Frame: Note: NS ENT2s are automatically Examples : allow@ by the grammar in the environment specified for NSENTls (i .e. T -- SN tV OW: The evidence that hc rcmainecl is that some-The evidence that he murdered her surprised one saw him there.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="5"> me); therefore, NSENT2s need not also be The reason that he dih 't tell the truth nras classified as NS ENTls .</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="6"> that he loved her.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="7"> WORD LIST: evidence, indication, reason. 'NS ENT3 :- Fr am e.: occurs as the subject of be 1 $N (DSNl), t~ut not with a right adjunct SN automaticallp allowed by the grammar in Tlw trouble is that we have no money. the en\ironmei~t specified for NSENT~S, t11u s The fact is that 11e came.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="8"> The reason was that he loved her.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="9"> $ Tile troul~le that we have no money bothers US.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="10"> The truth is that we need money.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="11"> 8 The truth that we need money hothers us. Therefore, NS ENTls ahd NSENT2s naed not also be classified a!s NSENT3s. The basis f@r this theory is that the hvo Eactors are the same.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="12"> 8 The basis that the two facbrs are the same is untenable.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="13"> WORD LIST: approa'ch , basis, change, conflict, connection, considera,tion , deal , detail , de velopment , difficulty, elding, error, point, problem, procedure, reason, result, reverse, rule, significance, situation, solution, thing, trouble, wonder. N: SINGULA 13 : a noun is in the subclass N:SINGULAR This tV if it occurs in the environment This -- tV</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="15"> This book fell.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="16"> This boy is happy. These book fell.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="17"> $ Tl~cse by is happy. Note: words like - fish, series: etc. are in neither N:PLURAL nor NSINGULAR . WORD LIST: ability, age, combination, data, digital is, excitability, poup , Gunther , 1 actone, liberation, measure, mucosa , observation, plasma, rise, sodium, t~'y, uncertainty, use, valency , want, year.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="18"> NTIMEl: Frames and examples : a noun is in NTIMEl if it cannot occur alone as a scntence adjunct. It occurs LN N - Sentence (LN adjectival TILIETAG) asGa sentence adjunct with appropriate 1 eft Sentence LN N -or right acljuncts. Its left adjuncts include ~VC '11 fi~i sh the tjsorli next timc.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="19"> last, ne~t, each, every, ctc. (i.e., adjectival ---T1MT:TAGs). Its right ad juncls incluclc hence, 'Last wveelc, - we met in New Yoi-1;. am, later, etc. (i.c. adverbial TIWI<TAGs) (WPOSI 0).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="20"> They cat eggs every w.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="21"> If in the 13N lwight adjunct of N, P BUT NOT: since, the host noun is an NTIMI4:l (WN51) : Last nleal, the Illcat was ovcrtIo11~.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="22"> The weel< since his arrival has been hcc tic.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="23"> A noun in NTIMEl can also occur as the host of when 4 S (WCOM8) : I remeniber the day when he arrived.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="24"> N RN Sentence (I3N adverbial TIMETAG) night, second, term, time, nreeli, year. a noun is in NTIME2 if it can occur.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="25"> alone as a sentence adjunct (W.POS10).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="26"> N - Sentence.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="27"> NTIMEZ is a closed class including yester- Sentenc,e N. day, today, tomorrow, Sunday, Monday, etc . NTIME.2s (but not NTIMEls) may also Ehamples : occur alone as possessive nouns in noun phrases : Yesterday's meeting uras cancelled.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="28"> Yesterday T went to the movies.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="29"> Sunday he will run the race.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="30"> It is hvo inches* in nridth.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="31"> E, long, old; see ASCALE) @Q3).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="32"> In the predicate position; NUNTT 1-le is five years of age.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="33"> agrees in number with Q fiYQl): The play is two hours in length.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="34"> Ile is five years old.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="35"> Ile is one ycars old.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="36"> FTe is five ycars of age.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="37"> 2 Ile is one years of age.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="38"> It is two inches long.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="39"> in the LN position, NITNIT is singular (WC21) IIe is five years old.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="40"> and Q N is not follo~\~ecl by a PN (Dm): a five year old child $a five years old child The play is two hours long.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="41"> a two inch - (long) line $a five pears in age child. a Five year old child Nouns which arc not NUNIT by the a two - hour play above criteyia, b~~t.which occur in Q N of an LN sequenck (c.g., ,a three act .play) will he accepted in the N of Q N if the rare switch is on.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="42"> II'OIED LIST: block, centimeter ,* ccntllry , coltlmn , clay, fooS, hand, hour, inch, kg., mile, millisecotld , momcnt , morning, nights, pound, row, section, segment, i~celi, yars. LSel ection A+ttril)~~tcs of, the Vcrlx applies to verbs rcgtl-icted in terms of the noun objects \\it11 y\'hich they van occur in scientific writi~~g. The noun SUII-Fhampl cs : NOTNORJ: (NII'CTRW) fi The government almlisl~ed the boy.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="43"> classes lvith \\pl~icl~ the vprlj cannot occur NOT NORJ; (SOXII'I_'RLAh? are li,stcd as NOTNOKJ attriln~tcs of the 3 John surprised the C~Z~TIIC. vcl-11 01's EL1 ); c .go , since NS ENTI nouns cio not occur as the object of - eat ~ fle eats the fact), - cat is classifiecl as NOTNOBJ: (NS ENTI).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="44"> The noun subclasses consictcrcd in</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="46"> SC)TNO13Jclasscs also apply to tJle compounrl noun X TTing (hat \\vcaring) , the con~pouncl adject~ve Nving (, a hat wearing man) and the passive Ven as an RN (the verse yuoted): for any given verb - N4 -- tV N, does not, oc- null (WSI.:L:3, 3 and 5 rcsl~cctivcly) : That nlan \wars a hat IIat \vearhg A hat wearing man IIc cluotcd the irci-sc.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="47"> The vcrsc cluotecl vs. 8 IIc rats thc fact.</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="19" start_page="66" end_page="66" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> 8 Fact eating </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> ;d A fact c~athg ma11 jl; Tllc Tact caten ICAT.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> TI: (NOTKOBJ: .:! . . . .) NSENT1, NS ENT2 NSENT ::., NTlM I<1, NTlJI 132.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> learn, paper, peak, smobth, summarize; NOTNOBJ: (NONIlVRTAN) : convince, surprise; -- - . -NOTNOBJ: (NSENTI) : act, c~ntent , decrease, inactivate, lo\i7~r, prevent, tend, work; act, content, decrease, inacti~*ate, further, h\\.cr, maintain. tend, \\'orli; act, content, ebract, inactivate, 1 em'11, lo\\,cl', tend, riork; NDTNOBJ: (NTIME1) : achieve, diminish, oppose, restore; NOTNOW: (NTIME3) : .achieve, analyze, diminish, oppose.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="3"> NOTNSUBJ: applies to, verbs restricted in terms of the noun subjects ivith which they call occur. Similar t;o NOTNOBJ in form, the value of the NOTNSUBJ attribute is a list of noun subclasses w11ic11 calaot, 411 scientific writ ing, at least) occur as the subject of the verb in question fiVSEL2).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="4"> Also, for occurrences of adjectival Ving N (the dining gentleman), if' for ally given verb N tV QBJ does not occur the11 Ving K does not occur IDSEL1) : ??lc gentlenlan dined.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="5"> The dining gent1 elnan consider, design, discover, dose, drug, eat, last, learn. occur, publish, sight, sleep, tlw, understand, wonder; NOTNSUBS (NS ENT2) : accelerate, consider, doubt, interpret, occur, sense, sight, sumnlarize , think, understand, ~onder; NOTNSUBJ: (NS ENT3) : associate, care, consider, initiate, 1 earn, publish, question, rate, think, w~desstand , wo~~der; NOTNSUBJ: PTIMEl) : compound, diminish, initiate, occur,. refer; NOTNSUBJ : (N.TII\?EI) : compound, dimhish, initiate, occur, refer.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="6"> N. Obieet Attributes of the Verb.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="7"> The ohject string ADJN is a permutation of NA (e.g., Paint the house rtxl; see N - tV N ADJ ORJLIST: (NA)). Therefore the OBJLIST N tV ADJ N of a verb which includm one must also include the other. Examples : ADJN is rna~~ginal it N is not roolimed He painted red the house on the corner.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="8"> by a right ajhnct of N: ?I painted red the house.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="9"> I painted red the house ~vvhich you He bid tight the ropes which were slipping off the deck.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="10"> saw last. Tuesday.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="11"> She made secure the l'attling windows.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="12"> He marked &quot;fragilen the package we sent. Yoh Yve already pumped dry the source you were planning to count on.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="13"> We split open the paclcage marked &quot;fragil e &quot;. WORD LIST: bind. color. draw. grind, keep, make, mask, plate, pound, pump, split, stretch, tie OBJLIST:. (ASOWBE) : The object string ASOBJBE must be distinguished from the adjwlct sequence as -t NSTGO. The two may be distinguished by the fact that the as - of the ASOBJBE string is parapl~~asable as 'in the capacity or character of1, e.g., They servcd as InessenTers.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="14"> in the capacity or nlessengers whereas the - as of the adjtmct sequence is pamplirasable as 'when1 or rwl~ile e.g., They served as young men.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="15"> when they were young men The two may also be distinguished by the fact that in sentences containing the ASOBJBE string, the primary stress of the sentence falls on the head noun of tie noun phrase functioning as the OBJBE, e.g., Enzymes function as catalysts.</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="20" start_page="66" end_page="66" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> 3 Enzymes fwlction as catalysts. </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> tvhereas, in sentences containing the adjunct sequence, the primary sentence stress falls on the verb, e.g., John cllangc(1 as a lieutenant.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> ij John changed as a lieutenant.</Paragraph> <Section position="1" start_page="66" end_page="66" type="sub_section"> <SectionTitle> Examples : </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> They served as messengers.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> Enzymes function as catalysts.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> He can act - ai bartender.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="3"> This ide-iginated as a vague possibility. That invention began as a joke.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="4"> John applied as a mechanic.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="5"> He will continue as a private.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="6"> He ran as a sprinter.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="7"> The reaction occurred as an after-effect. The fact exists as an anomaly. NOTOWLIST: (ASOBJBE) : John changed as a lieutenant.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="8"> John dte well as a young man.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="9"> Ididn't go to school as a child. Note 1 : a large number of verbs occar with both the object string and the adjunct, c.g., serve (above).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="10"> can frequently bt: related to an occurrence of NASOBJBE: They served (the king) as meshengers. Cf. NASOMBE.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="11"> WORD LIST: appear, apply, arise, begin, Continue, enter, exist, fail, function, p, occur, originate, participate, remain, train. OBJLIST: (ASSERTION) : The verbs classified as OBJLIST: (ASSERTIDhy are a subset of the verbs classified as OBJLIST: (THATS), i.e.: He believes the earth is flat..</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="12"> She reported that John is an nAn student. (report OBJLIST TFlATS She discovered he \\.as a11 cscellent cool<.</Paragraph> </Section> </Section> <Section position="21" start_page="66" end_page="66" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> # ASSERTION) </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> Ire saiJ \ye he\\- a better' solution.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> It should be noted that mnlputa-It seems he is happier anay from home. tional treatment of forms like It seelns that he was here i,s to define a small subclass,</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="3"> mrn cmt) , ~vhich can take OWLIST: (ASSER- 2 He added John \\ as a witness.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="4"> TIOh? , (THATS) where applicable, provided 3 He argped their approach was metaphysical.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="5"> the subject of the VSENT4 is the expletive It. -2 She reported John was an RA&quot;tudent. WORD LIST: appear, assume, believe, discover, feel, figure, find, imply, hot\., learn, maintain, mean, note, say, se?em, sense, snow, state, suggest., suppose, t~~, understand. OWLIST: (ASTG) :, Frame : Verbs which occur with the object siring ASTG each occur with a limited set of adjectives in the adjective position: This rings true.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="7"> That story rings true.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="8"> This limitation on the set of adjedtives She remained red in the face.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="9"> which occur with verbs spebified as OBJLIST: They - fell sick.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="10"> (ASTGS distinguishes thew verbs from those specified as OWLIST: (OBJBE) for which no He lav still.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="11"> \\ith s21ou l(l I' 'as \\.ell 1 a?: ' i\.i tli 1'.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="13"> Tllc plan provirlcs that hc. Iw on timv It nccc~ssitatcs t.ht hc l~c on time.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="14"> iYOIiD LIST: ask, demand, dircct , n~can , movc, orrlcl-, pi.ct'cl-, propose, provicle, recluirc, suggcst .</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="15"> It is neocssary to define this as an object string fin place of treating it as an adverbial adjunct plus Sh3 since some scqucnccs haye no analysis i41 terms of an SN string plus optional adjunct , c .g. : I Sound oust iijhethcr lic \+.as corning. Ilc pointed out that this was thc best 1l.e pointed out that this \\.as the i~cst approach. approach.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="16"> 8 He pointed that this was thc hest approach.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="17"> The particular QI, must Ile spec ificd for each verb.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="18"> They ofteh nlalic out tn 1~ villains.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="19"> n hD TS': (OBtJLIST:. -2, . . . .).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="20"> WOIiD LIST; bring (out, up), figure (out) find (out) , leave @I, ouf) , lct (011) , rnalic (out) u~al-I; (da~i~n), point (out), urrite flown).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="21"> ,C)BJLIST: (l)Pll: Applics 1, strings jn which thc aclverbpreposition (or particle), IIP, cannot be analyzed as an adverbial adjlu~ct, c.g. : They lined up.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="22"> l\ey lined.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="23"> Ck; if the verb also occurs witl~out a I>P or other object, then it occurs in a different sense tha~ with the DP, as is often indicatcd by a difference in subject selection: clear but, up), cool (down, off), couple up) , cover Np) , double (back, up), dramr (back, up), dry (but, up) ! fa1 i (away, in, off, out) , follow (tlirougli) , give (in, out, up) , level {off, out) , look- (up) , lose (out), measure (up), phase (out), run (down, on, out, over, up), show (off, up), sleep (in, oirer) , slow (down; up) , split (away4 off, up), start (in, out, up), stop (by in, off, over, up), take (off), test (~ut) , trv (outj, turn (out, up), warm (LIP), work (out). OBnIST: (DPlPN): Frame : It is necessary to define this as an object string (in place of treating it as an N tV - Dp PN aclvorbial adjunct plus PN) since some secluences have no analysis in terms of a PN string plus optional adjunct, e.g. : I found out about his coming. She moved in on him. They settled down to the job at hand. 1 .She moved on him.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="24"> It all adds - up to nothing.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="25"> Idl place of N, a Vinfl; string is sonletimes ~mssiblc and is allo~ved by the grammar: NOT OBJLIST: (DP1 PN,: It ?mils down to their having taken IIe went down to Washington.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="26"> The particular Dp and P must l~c specified for each verb.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="27"> He walked around to the bus statioq.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="28"> He sped on past the exit.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="29"> hand (around, back, down, in, on, out, over), lead (in), lcave (in, out), level (down, off, out), line (un), live (down), looli (over, up), make (out, over, up), mask (down, off, up), move (in, out), paper (over), point (off, out, up), pump (in, off, out, up), read (over), reason (out), regain back), rule (out), save (up), show (in, off, out, up), sleep (off), slice (off), slow (down, up), smooth (away, back, down, off, out), space (out), split (away, off, up), stop (up), store (up) , strip (off), switch (off, on) , take (off, out, up), think (out, over), try (on, out), turn (ddwn, off, on, over), use (up), warm (up), wash (away, down, off), weigh (down), tvorlc (off, out, over), write (down, in, aff, out, up).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="30"> OBJLIST: @P2PN), (DP3PN), (DP4PN) : Frame : applies to stripgs in ~i~hich the adverbpreposition, (or particle), DP, ccmot be N tV - DP N P N @PSPN) analyzed as an adverbial adjunct; i.e., mix N - tV N DP P N (DP3PN) up the last name with the first # mix the last name with the first -t 9.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="31"> As the object of Ving in certain strings \c here Viilg usually is follo~~ecl by - of N there is an object form of the DPN PN string where the of - occurs between DP aild NPN (the splitting up of the 111-oject into three parts).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="32"> This form is DP4PN.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="33"> Any verb which takes DP2PN takes all the variants : OBJLIST: (DPZPN), (DP3PN), (DP4PN). The particular DPand P must be specified for each verb.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="34"> h the WORD LIST, the arrow (-> ) follows the set of DPs specified for each verb and precedes the set of Ps specified for that verb.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="35"> I mixed up the last name wit$ the first.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="36"> I mixed the last name up with the First.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="37"> The mixing up of the last name with the first.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="38"> He split up the project into three parts.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="39"> They bound up the old wheat with the new.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="40"> He is linking up the defendants with this new crime.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="41"> divide (up+ with), end (up* in, with), follow (up+ with), link (up-) to, with), pair (up, off* with, into] , play (off+ against), separate (out, off+ from) sign (ovei-+ to), single (out* for), take (up+ with), trace (back+ to), yield (up+ to). In the WORD LIST, the arrow ((9 ) Dictionary Entry: follows the set of DPs specified for each MOVE.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="42"> verb and precedes the set of Ps specified TV: (OEULIST: .3, . . . .) .</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="43"> for that verb.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="44"> .3 DPlPN: .Is,. . . .</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="45"> .18 DPVAL: (iINC), PVAL: (CONi).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="46"> WORD LIST: add (up + to) , build (up + to) , come (up, around, bacli-? to, with) , double (up + with), face (up+ to), feel (up+ to), fit (in+ with), go (along, do~m, in, off, out-> for, in, .3f; \YW) keep (away, up+ from ; to) , lead (up + to) , link (up + to, with) , live @p-~ to) , look (down, in , out, up+ for, on, to), measure (up+ to), own (up+ to), pair &p, off* \irith), play (up+ to), put (up+ with), reach (out* for), speak (out, up+ for), stand (up* to, for) , try (out+ for). je-, the N position may be filled by a Ving string (They kept up their writing to the President). In the machine grammar, a Ving string is allowed freely in place of N in DP N, and is considered rare as a replacement of N in N DP.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="47"> As the object of Ving in certain strings where Vhg usually is foll~wed by of N there is an object form of the DP string where the of - occurs between DP and N (the sending in of the entry). This form is DP-f.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="48"> Any. verb which takes DP2 takes all the variants: OBJLIST: (DP2 , DP3 , DP4).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="49"> The particular DP(s) must be specified for each verb.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="50"> up), bin& (down, off, over, up), block (in, off, out, up), bring (about, off, out, up), carry (out, through), clear (away, off, out, up), cool (down, off), cover (up), deal (out), divide (LIP), draw (back, down, in, off, out, up) , dry (off, out), drive (in, off, out) , eat (away, up) , factor (out) figure (out), find (out), fish (out, up), fit ('in), follow (up) , give (away, back, in, out, over, up), OIRJIJIST: (DSTG) : applies to small subclasses of verbs which occur with narticular adverb subclasses. Kg., act, -- do, mean, behave, require ad rcvaluative adverb (Ile behaves badly but he means wcll. 8 He behaves hut he means); other verbs require an adverb of motion (He glanced up, Me glanqed about, 8 He glanced); still others require a locative adverb (He resides here).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="51"> The verbs which require a locative adverb also occur with other locative strings Ile resides on Prince St.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="52"> He resides where he pleases.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="53"> jf IIe meant.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="54"> He did - poorly.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="55"> 2 IIe did.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="56"> Ile resides here, jf IIe resides.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="57"> -although a sct of locative ol~ject strings is not in the prcsent gran~mar.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="58"> WORD LIST: compare, do, handle, head, lie, place, range, rate, tunnel. OMLIST: (FORTOTV'O) : The computational treatment of forms like It remains for us to make.the fin'al deci&m is to define a small subclass^, VSENT4 (=appear, happen, remain, seem, turn out) which can take OBJLIST: (FORTOVO) where applicable, provided the subject of the VSENT4 is the expletive it.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="59"> Note: To distinguish between F'ORTOVO and the object for N + to V (OBJ) where to V (Ow is an adjunct (He is looking for an assistant to aid him in his work), use there as the subject of the FORTOVO: He plans for there to be five people on the committee.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="60"> I asked for there to be a proctor at the exam.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="61"> Frame: N tV - for N to - V (Om</Paragraph> <Section position="1" start_page="66" end_page="66" type="sub_section"> <SectionTitle> Qamples : </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> I prefer f~r him to go to college.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> It remaips for us to make the final decision. I plan for him to do it.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> I asked far there to be a proctor at the exam. He is longing for her to ask him.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="3"> She moved for the meeting to adjourn.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="4"> WORD LIST: appeal, arrange, ask, cry, demand, fight, hope, intend, like, long, mean, motion, pay, plan, prefe~, press, provide, remain, wait, wish. OBJLIST: NA: Frame: Verbs which occur with the object string NA eachoccur with a limited set of</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="6"> adje~tives in the adjective position in NA: N tV - AD3 N He painted the house red.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="7"> He painted the house strange.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="8"> IIe painted the house red.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="9"> This selectional dependency between the verb and the adjective distinguishes the He bound the ropes tight.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="10"> verbs whicll occur with NA, such as pain6 from sentence-container verbs, such as think, - consider, judge, etc. (classified as She made the rattling windows secure. He marked the package wfragilen.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="11"> OBJLIST: SOBJBE), ~vhichesl~ibit~~o selec-Don't pump your sources dry.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="12"> tional dependencies between the verb and the adjective: we split the package open.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="13"> I consider the house red.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="14"> I consider the house strange.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="15"> Verbs which occw with the object Not OBJLIST: NA: He considers this book worth1 ess . string NA also differ from verb which She thought the question absurd. occur wit11 the sequence NSTGO adjec-He drinks his coffee blacli.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="16"> tival adjunct (e.g., She ate the apple green) These two sequelices differ in that the noun She prefers her men tall and thin. and adjective of NA permute ~vhile the noun and adjective of NSTGO + adjunct do not: He painted red the house on the corner. He ate green the apple on the table.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="17"> Some verbs which occur with NA require an NA object, i.e., they do not also occpr with a N object: A vcrb is classified as occurring with OBJLIST: (NASOBJBE) if it occurs in the frame where N, is a predicate of -or refers to - N,. For' esample, in They served the king as messengers, messengers is predicated of they.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="18"> This distinguishes sentences occurring with the object string NASOBJBE from those occurring with the object string SASOBJBE, in which N., is a predicate of N, (They treated him as a lackex).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="19"> The object string NASOBJBE mu-st also be distinguished from the sequence N + as - + N, where as - + N is a sentence adjunct. These two may be distin yishccl by the fact that the as - of NASOBJBE isa paraphrasable as 'in the capacity or char-</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="21"> N, is a predicate of N, &ample$ : They served the king as messengers. He entered the army as a private. She interpreted it as a linguist. He - ran the race as a sprinter. NCITOBJLIST: (NASOBJBE) : Tliey treated him as a lackey. (SASOBJBE) We will considcr John as our ( w 1 preferred candidate.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="22"> He established it as a fact.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="23"> (&quot; ) They served the king as young men. (adjunct) ITc discovered the enzyme as a student. (!I) They served the king as messengers. in the capacity of messengers whereas the as - of the sequence N + as N is paraphrasable as 'when br 'whilef, They served the king as young men. = when they were young men.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="24"> Cf. OWLIST: (ASQBJBE).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="25"> Note: a number of verbs occur with both the object string and the adjunct sequence, e .g., serve (almvc) .</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="26"> WORD. LIST: begin, continue, enter, interpret, run, serve. OBJLIST: (ND) : Frame: applies to strings in which the adverb</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="28"> IIe put it there. Pkarnpl lc s : $He put it.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="29"> Or, if the verb also occurs \vith a noun object alone, it occurs in a tliffcrcnt They trcat thcrh ivcl l/l)adly. senee than with thct N 1- D: J-Tc lmrc tllc nci\iss i\.cll 1. V~ey treated thcnl.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="30"> They treated them ~vell.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="31"> She set it down.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="32"> Tiler e is a selectional dependency Sl7~ wears her age weI1.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="33"> between the verb and the adverb such that veybs specified as OBJLIST: (ND) call occqr only wit11 either locative adverbs and adverbs of motion (here, there, near-by, up, down) or with 'evaluative CGGm-6-I -. 1 9 badly, poo rly) ( W POS1 I\Q : I3e put it there.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="34"> 8 He put it about.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="35"> ~e bore the news upell.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="36"> He bore the news there.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="37"> The particular adverb subclass (whether DLOCl or 13LOC3 or D EVALl ith ivhicl~ e'ach verb occurs is not at present checked by the grammar.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="38"> WORD LIST: bear, put set, treat, wave, war. OBJLIST: 0: In saltmlces occurring with OBJLIST: (NN) either the verb is give in its 111odal use (He gave the door a icicli) or N (the indirect I gave him a b~li.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="39"> He bought his family prcsehts.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="40"> fl7POS22).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="41"> A majority opthe verbs classified as OBJLIST: (NN) enter inb the transfornlation null NtV NqP N., (t NtV N: N2 where N, NHUhlAN or AGGREGATF Others occur with idiomatic estensions of thc transformation: I sho\vecl him a good time.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="42"> or ~ii th cluantity csprr~ssions of thr NQN type: I gave him a imoli.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="43"> They bugllt John a present.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="44"> I_.sho~ved him a good time.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="45"> They allowed the palic?nt a cig-ar, It cost him five clollars, Ile gave thcb door a kick.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="46"> It cost hin~ five tlollalws.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="47"> Ll'OIUl LIST: allow, ask, hring, cause, cllargc, choose, deal, deny, clesign, do, draw, find, gain, give, hand, leave, malic, not, order, prepare, read, save, show, take, tell, will, drite. ORJLIST: (NPN) : mame : There are at least several types or They attributed the painting to RIassaccio.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="48"> 8 They attributed the painting.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="49"> I yefcrred him to the librarian.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="50"> if I referred him.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="51"> They attributed the painting to h4assaccio. I - fed his lunch to him.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="52"> I entered him into school.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="53"> I continued him in -school.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="54"> 2) Those for which the PN is drawable I my attention to the They liberated the city from the enemy. I blaught a gift to They libel-ated tl?e city.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="55"> This dependency helps to clis tinwish the object string NPN from the sequence noun object plus P N adjunct (c.g., They liberated the city on Sunday). Many verbs,, can occur with either the NPN object string and the noun ohject plus P N adjunct, where the preposition is the same in 110th cases: They libcrated the city from the cnelny. (NPN) They lil]erated the city from motives of l~olitical advantage. (N PNadjunct) Thc particular P must 11e specified for each varb.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="56"> One can tr'ansform X into Y.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="57"> I emptied the water into the sink. ITe conceriled himself with the issue. I incorporated your suggestion into the paper. I applied my solution to our problem. I connected the plug to the outlet. I dippec! my donut into my coffee. I divided the pie into five parts. IIe fastened the chain to the door. \V01lD 1,IST: accclcratc (lo) , atlraN (to), add (to) , apply (to) , ask (illto, to) , associate (witl~) , attril~utc (to), l~alancc (against, on) , heat (into, to), bring (into, to), catalg sc (into), charge (to), clear fof) , c:oml)inc fivitl~), correla~e (uith), demonstrate (to) , dcprivc (04, direct (against, at, to, tnwarrl) , cnt cr (in), cxpc.1 (from), give (to) , icke11tif-y ~\!*ith.) , limit (to) , nlal~e (of), obtain (from), pattern (after), prcscnt (to, ~vit'h), slice (t'rom, off), subjcct (to), take (fi-om, to), turn (against, from, into, on, to), view hvit.11).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="58"> OBJLIST: (NPSNWI~,: The particular Rep must be specified for each verb.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="59"> The, P is restricted in terms of the container verb, not in teims of the contained SNWH. This is evidenced by the fact that the, P of NPSNWH does not permute to the end of tlie SNWH string, e.g.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="60"> John asked me about what 11e should do. John asked me what he should do about. Cf. OBJLIST: SNWII.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="61"> Note: Avoid use of what - S as the SWH in the test frame since 1~11at S may be the replacement of a given N2 in N,PN,, I asked him about whether my passport would be stamped.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="62"> fie interested her in what he was planning</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="64"> should take to the picnic.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="65"> They made a big deal of whether you czme e.g. : on time, I covered it with what you gave me. As distinct from the object string NPVINGSTG, the N, of NPSVINGO is not N, tV N2 P N3 Ving (Ow</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="67"> there. (NPSVING O) no witnesses.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="68"> If N, is a pronoun, it is accusative (WPOS5). Note: to avoid confusion of the object string NPSVINGO \vith the sequence N P N plus a right adjunct Ving (He kissed ary near the door opening on to the balcony), use the expletive there as MI]: I asIted him about there having been no witnesses.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="69"> The particular preposition (s) must be specified for each verb. (WPOS15).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="70"> He attributes* his success to there having been no competitors.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="71"> He told - us about therc being no doubt in his lnirld.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="72"> ccxltcr (on, almut , around, upon), charge (to), compare (to, with), contact (about), contrast @, wi,tth), corrclatc Ovitll), drducc (from), identify (with), limit (to) , make (of) ,-question (about), 1-elate (to), tell (about), trake (to).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="73"> OBJLIST: (N'PVINGO): The noun object (N2) of is understood t3 be the subject oaf Vhg.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="74"> The particular preposition (s) must be specified for each verb fiVPOSl5).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="75"> Ni tV - 'N2 P Ving (OBJ).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="76"> I prevented him from ruining his health.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="77"> I cautioned him qgainst ruining his health. I tall~cd him into going to Chicago.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="78"> T cured him of stuttering.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="79"> I converted him to smokling cigars.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="80"> In the object string NPVINGSTG, the N, tV N2 P N,'s Ving (0833.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="81"> left adjunct of Viiq (specified in the frame</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="83"> Ilowcver, a vcrl) classified as occurring with the oh jcct string NPVINGSTG must bc capahlo of occurring with a sequence N P Vingstg in \v11ich the Ving 'has an overt subject aid n ~vhich this over+t sul~jcct is not coreferential ~vith' either the subject (NI) or the noun object (N,) of the tV.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="84"> Note that VINGSTG here refers to either the object string NSVINGO or the object string VINGO FN.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="85"> The particular preposition(s) must be specified for each verb (WPOS15).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="86"> WORD LIST: ask (abut), attach (to), attribute (to), base (on, gpn) , compare (lo, with), comlect fif~ith), dduce (from), identify (rvith) , li13k fiirith), malie (on, pattern (after) , prepare (for), question (abut), relate (to), separate @'on$, set (on), subject (to), tell (abut), trace @). OBJLIST: mSwI3) : N, is NMTRlAN (JVSKS) Note: Avoid the use of what S as the SWH in the test frame since nrllat S nlay be the replacement of a given N2 in - N15 (e .g., ! gave him what he neede'?.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="87"> He t;old - me i~hetller they were coming.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="88"> They nrrote him who was conling.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="89"> I asked hill1 \\'hy he did it.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="90"> I taught hi111 llo\\- to do it.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="91"> Il?OIiD LIST: aqli, teach, tell , rite.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="92"> OBJLIST: (NSTGO)) : verbs classified as occurring wit11 the object string NSTGO include 1) the pure trmsitives (He accomplished his mission) including those ~d~.icl~ drop the N object (He reads holis; He reads).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="93"> 2) verbs which occur with \an NPN object where the PN is droppable (He fqsteqed the chin to the door: He fastened the chin).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="94"> (Dl-~pping of PN is not an automatic process of the grammar).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="95"> 3) verbs ~vlxick require either a conjoined. or plural object (He equated A and' B; Ile correlated the,hiro sets of values) or a collective noun object (It gathers dust).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="96"> 4) verbs w11ich rccluirc rcflcsivc objects : (He absented himself).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="97"> 5) measure verbs (The line measures hiro inches; It costs five dollars) .</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="98"> Notc: due to thcir rclativcly infrccjuent He analyzed the compound.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="99"> John met 11Iary.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="100"> He amassed a fortune.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="101"> He equated A and B.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="102"> This liey opens the door They periured Blemselves It costs five dollarsz Ilc fastened the cl~ain.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="103"> occurrence wit11 nou~ ohjects, verbs 1vl.lic11 occur only with special noun objects (usually nominal transforms of the verb of the sentence: IIe slept a good sleep) arc classifi'ed as OBJLIST: (NULLOBJ) only.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="104"> WORD LIST: ask, believe, combine, divide, eat, face,, fish, group, like, mean, number, order, part, place, prefer, provide, question, run, relax, require, say, skin, substitute, suppose, take, tell, try, underestimate, vary, want, work, write. OBJDIST: (NSVINGO) : The Ving in the object string NSVINGO may occur with either an overt or a zeroed subject : She favors doing it.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="105"> She favors their doing it.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="106"> The subject of Ving need not be the same as the subject of the container sentence; e .g., in John described his studying.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="107"> his - - John - or, alternatively, his some null other person. Cf. VINGO.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="108"> Snce NSVINGO is more se~tencelike in its form than the VINGOFN string it is helpful to include in the test frame for NSmNGO features which are characteristic of sentences, e.g.: 1) an object after VfrJg: We discussed writing: novels.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="109"> 2) an adverb after the object: - She prefers doing it quickly.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="110"> 3) a negative element before the Ving: She favors not doing it.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="111"> Note: to avoid possible confusion, do not use in the test frame for OBJLIST: (NSVINGO) a Ving which can function as a noun modifier (see W ERYVING) . I.e., you don't want He needs designing women classified as a case oE NSVINGO.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="113"> He described (his) studying at night.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="114"> He decided to accelerate their advertising.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="115"> The group discussed writing novels .</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="116"> In their program of exercise, they include climbing a mountain.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="117"> The nurse has limited (her) seeing visitors so frequently.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="118"> He mentioned (his) seeing Mary.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="119"> They opposed (their) adjourning early. She prefers doing it her 1t7ay.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="120"> They proposed sending another letter. He questioned having to arrive at 8 P. M. The doctor has restricted his seeing visitors. He s~ested swimming more slo~~ly.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="121"> Iunderstand his wanting to leave so early. WORD LIST: almlish, accelerate, nllow , cl~oose, complicate, describe, deterlnine, discuss, eviclence , facilitate, include, hkr, limit, mean, mention, ilotice, oppose, prefcr , prevent , propose, question, restrict, suggest.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="122"> OBJLIST: (NTI-IATS) : The noun object of a is NIlUMAN (Wsw Note: a verb tvlxic'h takes a sentence string as its subject. (That no one wants to come troubles her) may appear to take the sentence string in its object when the sub-ject is tdoe eAxplettive - it (It troubles her that</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="124"> no one ~iqnts to come); ht these are not considered to be object strings or parts of object strings. The otle exception is the closed class VS ENT4.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="125"> WORD LIST: advise, caution, content, convince, interest, promise, satisfy. shoa., teach, tell, trouble, write.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="126"> OBJLTST: (NTOBE): verbs classified as OBJLIST: (NTOBE) can occur with the fdllo1i5ng object strings : 'N be OBJBE N to have N N have Ven They discovered him to be in error.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="127"> We consider Dr Smith to have the best solution.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="128"> Jolm was found to have Ieft early.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="129"> N, tIT , to be OBJ</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="131"> They she\\-ed him to be a fool.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="132"> 8 They shon ed him to cross the street. \Ye found him to he an cscellent companion. $We found him b cat haml~urgcrs.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="133"> \ire noticed this to 1)e the case.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="134"> Verbs classified as occurring with the object string NTOBE cannot occur with an They demonstrated the solution tLo bc correct. KTOVO object string: They shoned US to he in error.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="135"> Hodever, when fl occurs in the passive, any verb is allowed in the infinitive: NOT OBJLIST: 033 12 : John was found to frequent houses of They allow him to be im~lite. (sf. NTOI'O) ill repute.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="136"> vs. 3 They found John to frequent houses of ill repute.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="137"> The to - of OBJLIST: (hTOBE) does not They asked him to be quiet. (cf. h3'C)I.O) equal in order to; i .e., sequences such as They introduced this plan to be controversial ( They introduced this plan in order to he controversial) should not be considered as cases of OBJLIST: (NTOBE).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="138"> IS N, is a pl*onowl, it is accusative fiI'I'OS.3).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="139"> \\'01<1> LIST: assun~c , l~clicvc , clain~ , confirm, consider, demonstrate , dctcl-rninc , cli scovcr , cStabl ish , feel, fi~ltl, lalow, ol~servcl, note , notice, report , shouf, SUJI~OSC, thinlc. The IT of t11c ob i'c t string NTCIVO includes be - and l~a.la\~c but also other 1': solution.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="140"> They allo\s.ecl him to go.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="141"> They concI.itionc(1 them to I~cg foi- food Tllcl - to of OBJ1,'TST: (XTOI'O) tlocls i 1 ilic llim to Come home car1 y .</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="142"> not cclual in orcltll* to; i .e. , sct lutlncc>s suc.11 as Ilc dr.il11.r~ n1i.ll.c to I;twp thin ( 1Ic clrinl;s I ti~l(l - him to (lo it o\.er.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="143"> ~nilli .in 01-dcr to Ii('c~l) thin) should not !,ti Thpy forcctl 11im to sign.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="144"> consitlclccd as cases. of OKJI,IS?': (ST< )IT( X~tc: tlo not classify vc\l*l)s \\.11ic.l1 1111~~~ arc rtic~iring ):out to she\\. your I. 11. occur \\-it11 tlw ~splc>ti\~c - it as su1)jcct (It cnont cnts him to Icno\\- that shc~. is he t-cl) 3s</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="146"> fi\'Pns.-j).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="147"> ii'OTiI1 LIST: is , 1 lo asl; ; tBauseJ, caution, cl~allc~ngc~, cb'hoosc~, c80ntli tion, co~~vince, tics ignatc . rlcltail , cmplq., tanga;rr;ch, cbsl)cbct, for11id , foi~c, incluccl . hflucncci , intent1 , lilcc. mean, nloticn, nlotii.atch. orrlcli* . pay. pornlit ? p~-c~fc~l-. ])i-c])aro, II~C'SS, I)~-~~ssuI'c. rcc~uir~, stimulate, suffcr, tcbach, tcll, troul)lo, trust, \\.ant, \\.~'itcb.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="148"> ~chl.1)~ rlassif'ic~tl as r)c-cw~.r-ing I\ it11 the: ol)itd, st ring SIT1.,1,( )I3J\i11c~l q~(ft: IIe walked.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="149"> WORD LIST: accelerate, act, age, appear, care, cllange , come, compete, compound, continue, decrease, demonstrate, clilninish , draw. eat, enter, csist , fail, fish, follow, go, happen, homo genize , lnoa9, last, lengtl~cn, live, looli, matter, move, occur, point, provide, publish, ran, read, rela.. , rest, result, retun, ring, see, sleep, start study, sjveat, take, think, try, n.ondel n-oxI<, n-1-ite .</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="150"> OBJLIST: WILLR ECIP) : a verb is classified as occurring wit11 the object stri-rig IWIALRECIP if, nhen it W, and N, tV (P) each other.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="152"> subject which is not silzgular &e., is AGGR 1.:-GATE, PLCRAL, or conjoined) it would be John alcl l\la~y lnet each othcl* at school .</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="153"> natural to recoi~struct the. object gach othcr or P -- each other (on at lt.:~st ollc seading) ; Your claim and mv claim ccpltlict hi-ith each Tile couple fougl~t C\\ it11 cach othur) , (0tllLT) .</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="154"> hi it11 me).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="155"> Tile parties confci.1-td C\\.ith each other). Dill ant1 k1~ foug'ht (I\ it11 cacll other). Jolm and 3h-v aqrec hi.1t11 each other), The g2;l*oups separ.ated (fro111 each olher ) .</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="156"> (to your plal~l</Paragraph> </Section> </Section> <Section position="22" start_page="66" end_page="66" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> $ John n~et 2 John fouxht nit11 eac.11 other. </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> The li~lcs pa~al lel each other, WORD LIST: agree, arLguc, associate, combine, confer, conflict, correlate, differ, link, meet, part, parallel, separate.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> OBJLTST: (OWB ICj : Frame: In the object strong OBJBE, the OBJBE N1 tV OBJUE is the predicate of N1. The machine grammar allo~vs four possible values for OWBE:: OBJBE noun, adjective, adverb, P N 1) NSTG (neun string.) Jolln appeared an idiot.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> ITe seemed a happy man. Jolm acted strange. The restriction on number agreement between Thcy appear happy to be here.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="3"> sub jcct and, object (U'AGR EE2) applies here. Hc: became ecstatic tvhen I told him.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="4"> Note: if the secjuences N:SINGVLAR tV N:PLURAL and/or N:P.LURAL tV N: They - feel able to assume the responsibility. SINGWAR occur, the - tV is not classified as OBJLIST: COMB^.! She looks capable.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="5"> 2) ASTG (adjective stringl, including Whether they will come remains unc1ea.r. adjectival - Vens and Vings (see VENDADJ and VV ERYVING) : They looli happy to be here.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="6"> We felt satisfied.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="7"> She seems right for the job.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="8"> The eggs smell bad.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="9"> John appeared an idiot-.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="10"> Tllc results might seem surprising.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="11"> Ile became president a year ago.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="12"> Note: VPP~S which occur nrith ally a limited set of adjectives (r.&g true, blush She remains a strong woman. red, etc .) are classified as OBJLIST: (ASTG) , Ile seemed a happy man.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="13"> not OWLIS'I': (OEUBLJ.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="14"> 3) DSTG (adverb string-) : John appeared clown and out.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="15"> Bill felt apart EUram the rest of us. He seems clown and out. They 1ooI;cd ~vcll . They looked n.cl1.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="16"> They seem well.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="17"> A restriction limiting adverbs to those wliic11 The matter appears in d3spute.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="18"> occur after be - (U'POS1 II) applies here. Note: verbs wllich occul* with a nider It will remain ta his advantage to see them. range of adverbs, i.c. which occur with ad-Thc cake smells of anisette.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="19"> vcl-bs of 'nlotion, malliler, etc., are not classified as occui-1-ing \vith the object string OTJJBE: (DSTG), c.g. He came here,up, do~vn, guicl.;l~, etc,</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="23" start_page="66" end_page="66" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> 4) P N: </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> This appcars of great significance. The matter seems in dispute. Note: Verbs classified as occurring nit11 OBJBE: PN, as opposed to those classified as occurring .rvitll PN, can occur nit11 a range of P ! NSENTP (to his advantage, of value, of interest, of significance) constructions. Therefore, verbs Ivhich can occur with this range of constructions should 1)e classified as OBJBE: (PNJ, altllougk otller PN consti*uctions are also possil~le here.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> WOIID LIST: ASTG: act, appear, become, feel, look, remain, seem; DSTG: appear, feel, look, seem; NSTG: appear, become, remain, seem; PN: appear, remain, seem. applies only to the verb be - in all its forms (am, -- are, be, been, being, - is, was, were). The sequepces which are treated as objects of be - include: 1) Ving (OBJ) (IIe is loolring into the matter). This is the same string as the object string VTNGO. As object of - be, the string represents a treatment of theprogressive .tense; it is therefore restricted so as to csclude non-\velle-formed verbal sequences : He is having gone.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> 8 She was bebg going, etc.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="3"> 2) passive V* + (OBJ) (War was never derlared) . Because of the frequent occurrence of the passive construction in scientific writing, it is more economical to list the passive objects for each verb in the word dictionary than to compute them by a rule of passive omission.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="4"> The correspondences between active and passive objects used in the preparation of dictionary entries is given in POBJLIST below.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="5"> 3) ORJBE, i.e., a noun. adjectiye, adverb or PN string (cf. OBJLIST: (OBJBE): He is 2 carpenter.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="6"> He is happy.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="7"> ZIe is here.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="8"> The matter is ip dispute.</Paragraph> </Section> class="xml-element"></Paper>