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<Paper uid="P03-2035">
  <Title>Deverbal Compound Noun Analysis Based on Lexical Conceptual Structure</Title>
  <Section position="4" start_page="1" end_page="4" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
3 TLCS
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> The framework of LCS (Hale and Keyser, 1990; Rappaport and Levin, 1988; Jackendoff, 1990; Kageyama, 1996) has shown that semantic decomposition based on the LCS framework can systematically explain the word formation as well as the syntax structure. However existing LCS frameworks cannot be applied to the analysis of compounds straightforwardly because they do not give extensive semantic predicates for LCS. Therefore we construct an original LCS, called TLCS, based on the LCS framework with a clear set of LCS types and basic predicates. We use the acronym &amp;quot;TLCS&amp;quot; to avoid the confusion with other LCS-based schemes.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> Table 1 shows the current complete set of TLCSes types we elaborated.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2">  The following list is for Japanese deverbals, but the same LCS types are applied for nominalizations in English.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3">  Basicaly these 12 types are set by the combination of argument structure and aspect analysis that is telic or atelic. After applying all the combination, we arrange the TLCS patterns by deleting patterns that does not appear and subcategorizing certain patterns.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4">  At the moment, there are about 500 deverbals in Japanese and 40 nominalizations in English.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5">  In this paper, we limit the types of arguments are three, i.e. x (Agent), y (Theme) and z (Goal).</Paragraph>
  </Section>
  <Section position="5" start_page="4" end_page="4" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
4 Categorization of Modifier Noun
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"/>
    <Section position="1" start_page="4" end_page="4" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
4.1 Categorization by the Accusativity of
Modifiers
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> In Japanese compounds, some of modifiers can not take an accusative case. This is an adjectival stem and it does not appear with inflections. Therefore, the modifier is always the adjunct in the compounds.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> So we introduce the distinction of '-ACC' (unaccusative) and '+ACC' (accusative).</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="2"> ACC 'kimitsu' (secrecy) and 'kioku' (memory) are '+ACC', and 'sougo' (mutual-ity) and 'kinou' (inductiv-e/ity) are '-ACC'. In English, they correspond to adjective modifier such as '-ent' of 'recurrent' or '-al' of 'serial'.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="2" start_page="4" end_page="4" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
4.2 Categorization by the Basic Components of
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"/>
    </Section>
  </Section>
  <Section position="6" start_page="4" end_page="4" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
TLCS
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> If, as argued by some theoretical linguists, the LCS representation can contribute to explaining these phenomena related to the arguments and aspect structure consistently, and if the combination of LCS and noun categorization can explain properly these phenomena related to argumet/adjunct, then there should be a level of consistent noun categorization which matches the LCS on the side of deverbals. We used the predicates of some TLCS types to explore the noun categorizations.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> In the preliminary examination, we have found that some TLCS types can be formed into the groups that correspond to modifier categories in Table 2.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> Below are examples of modifier nouns categorized as negative or positive in terms of each of these TLCS groups.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> ON 'koshou' (fault) and 'seinou' (performance) are '+ON', and 'heikou' (parallel) and 'rensa' (chain) are '-ON'. ('ON' stands for the predicate in 'ACT ON'.) EC 'imi' (semantic) and 'kairo' (circuit) are '+EC', and 'kikai' (machine) and 'densou' (transmission) are '-EC'. ('EC' stands for an External argument Controls an internal argument'.) AL 'fuka' (load) and 'jisoku' (flux) are '+AL', and 'kakusan' (diffusion) and 'senkei' (linearly) are '-AL'. ('AL' stands for alternation verbs.) UA 'jiki' (magnetic) and 'joutai' (state) are '+UA', and 'junjo' (order) and 'heikou' (parallel) are '-UA'. ('UA' stands for UnAccusative verbs.)</Paragraph>
  </Section>
  <Section position="7" start_page="4" end_page="4" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
5 Procedure of Compound Noun Analysis
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> The noun categories introduced in Section 4 can be used for disambiguating the intra-term relations in deverbal compounds with various deverbal heads that take different TLCS types. The range of application of the noun categorizations with respect to TLCS groups is summarized in Table 2. The number in the TLCS column corresponds to the number given in Table 1.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> Step 1 If the modifier has the category '-ACC', then declare the relation as adjunct and terminate. If not, go to next.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> Step 2 If the TLCS of the deverbal head is 10, 11, or 12 in Table 1, then declare the relation as adjunct and terminate. If not, go to next.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> Step 3 The analyzer determines the relation from the interaction of lexical meanings between a deverbal head and a modifier noun. In the case of '-ON', '-EC','-AL' or '-UA', declare the relation as adjunct and terminate. If not, go to next.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4"> Step 4 Declare the relation as internal argument and terminate.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5"> With these rules and categories of nouns, we can analyze the relations between words in compounds with deverbal heads. For example, when the modifier 'kikai' (machine) is categorized as '-EC' but '+ON', the modifier in kikai-hon'yaku (machine-translation) is analyzed as adjunct (that means 'translation by a machine'), and the modifier in kikai-sousa (machine-operation) is analyzed as internal argument (that means 'operation of a machine'), both correctly.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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