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<Paper uid="C00-2164">
  <Title>Perception, Concepts and Language: 7~oA~9 and IPaGe</Title>
  <Section position="4" start_page="1092" end_page="1093" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
3 Generating the utterance
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> After conceptualizing the agent's current action at the level of ISMs (content determination) it has to be decided how the corresl)onding CR can be articulated in a natural language utterance. A fimdamental division in lexieal and syntactical processing along with an incremental and parallel processing behaviour are the crucial features of tile proposed architecture for surface realization. Such a processing behaviour ix facilitated by the use of CRs as interface between &amp;quot;R.oAD and iPaGe.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1">  Conceptual, lcxical, and syntactical information is stored centrally on the blackboard. All processes can obtain this information if needed.</Paragraph>
    <Section position="1" start_page="1092" end_page="1092" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
3.1 Blackboard architecture
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> The blackl)oard is the central storing device of tile system. All processes write their results on tile blackboard and obtain their input structures there.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> In such an architecture parallel processing can be achieved in a convenient fashion.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="2" start_page="1092" end_page="1092" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
3.2 Parallel processing
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> Parallel processing can be found on various levels of abstraction. The flmdmnental division runs 1)etween lexical and syntactical 1)rocessing (see fig. 2). When a (1)art of a) CR originating from tile ISM is written on the blackboard, processing of this structure starts sinmltaneously in both components. Using a conceptual lexicon as described by Jackendoff a transfornlation process constitutes the first si:e l) on the lexieal side (Jackendoff, 1990). On the syntactical side, a 1)locess based on the type-phrase-corresl)ondence, also described by Jackendoff, starts processing in this component. The type-t)hrase-correst)ondence constrains the choice of possible phrases to realize a structure with a given conceptual type in an utterance. null Different processes inside these two components work sinmltaneously on different CRs. On the lexieal side, the three subprocesses transformation, choosing of lexeme and morphological processing can be identified. On the syntactical side the real)ping of conceptual types on possible phrase structure rules and the instantiation of these rules take place.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="3" start_page="1092" end_page="1093" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
3.3 Incremental processing
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> In natural language generation, incremental processing is a central issue. According to Finkler's definition two fundamental types can be identified: quantitative and qualitative incremental processing (\]?inkier, 1997).</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> Quantitative incremental processing nmans that the inlmt to a process can be divided into differ- null can serve as inlmt increments to the generation protess. Parts of the same structure are coindexed. The relevallt features fbr generation fronl CRs are: tilt type, the head, and tile number and types of argulnents. Thus, \[PATH to(\[0BJECT\])\] is a possible increment.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="2"> ent parts and that processing of these parts is possible. Qualitative incremental processing ou the other hand denotes the possibility to ()btain a first, suboptimal result and to elaborate it wtmn new ilfformalion is available.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="3"> IPaGe realizes both kinds of incremental processing. Parts of CRs correspond to possil)le phrase structures that constitute the utterance, i.e. typeptlrase-corresl)ondence. Thus quantitative increinental processing can be achieved ill a natural way. An arbitrarily complex part of a CR can serve as an increment.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="4"> Qualitative increnlental processing is accomplished on tile level of instantiating phrase structure rules. A pllrase Call always be realized by several rules of differing colnplexity. D)r exalnple, a noun phrase call be realized ill one of tile following wws: as a noun, as a determiner and a noun, as an adjective and a noun, etc. All rules for a given CR m:e started as independent processes trying to ii1stantiate ttmir right hand sides. The result of a successful process is written on the blackboard and all processes with equal or less complexity are stopped.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="5"> Processes of higher complexity can try fllrther to instantiate their phrase strnctnre rules. Ill case Olm of these processes succeeds, the former result is overwritten by the more colnplex one. Depending on the utterance tilne of tile given phrase a more or less complex result is achieved.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="4" start_page="1093" end_page="1093" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
3.4 Example
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> The exmnple introduced in section 2.1 is continued here. Outlmt of the ISM and thus input to tile generation process is tlm CR dei)icted in figln'e 3.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> This structure will be realized in an utterance like Ich drehe reich zu dem Wiirfel (I anl turning to tlm cube)bzw. Zu dem blauen Quader drehe ich reich (To the blue cuboid I am turning). Tlm generation process is exemplified by the processing of the PATH-structure.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="5" start_page="1093" end_page="1093" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
3.4.1 Transformation
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> Every CR carries enough information to initiate different processes sinlultaneously. At the moinent all input structure is supplied, it triggers processing inside the lexical and tile syntactical comt)onent: tile transformation and the mapping process.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> As CRs describe meaning by a structural mechalfism, the same head can have different ineanings ill different structural constellations. ~iS'anst'orinalion - a disanlbiguation process - is imt)lemented as a lookup process in a conceptual lexicon. The entries in tiffs lexicon are sorted by different keys. The first key is the type of the CR. Int)ut increments to tile lexical processing component are typed CI/,s.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="2"> Thus a type specific distribution of processing seelns natural here.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="3"> By the PATH-stnmture tim PATH-specific transformation process is triggered. The lookup process will yield a so-called intermediate structure already with some syntactic intbrmation such as category infornlation: \[PRED &amp;quot;co, CAT prep, ARG 29\]29. \[OBJECT cube\] will yield: \[PRED block, CAT n\] 29.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="6" start_page="1093" end_page="1093" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
3.4.2 Mapping
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> PATH- all(\] 0BJECT-structure initiate tlm mal)t)ing process simultaneously to the transfiwmalion i)rocess. During mal)t)ing the tyl)e-1)hrasecorrespondence as described by (Jackendotl', 1990) is used. A given tyl)e can be expressed in an utterante only by a restricted set of possible phrases. A nml)t)ing of the types of the int)ut structures to the relevant 1)hrase structure rides takes place. Tllese rules are then started as independent threads.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> In Gerlnan, structures with type PATH are nearly always realized as prepositioiml pllrases. The PATH-specific mapl)ing process will tlms start PP-rlfles, e.g. PP29 -+ PREP NP or PP29 -+ PREP ADV. Tile 0BJECT-structure will trigger the 0BJECT-sl)ecific mat)ping ttlrea(1 which will start NP-rules, e.g. NP2:) -+ N, NP29 -4 DET N, orNP29 ~ DET ADJ N.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
  </Section>
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