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<Paper uid="P99-1032">
  <Title>Development and Use of a Gold-Standard Data Set for Subjectivity Classifications</Title>
  <Section position="4" start_page="0" end_page="246" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
2 The Subjective and Objective
Categories
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> We address evidentiality in text (Chafe, 1986), which concerns issues such as what is the source of information, and whether information is being presented as fact or opinion. These questions are particularly important in news reporting, in which segments presenting opinions and verbal reactions are mixed with segments presenting objective fact (van Dijk, 1988; Kan et al., 1998).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> The definitions of the categories in our cod- null ing manual are intention-based: &amp;quot;If the primary intention of a sentence is objective presentation of material that is factual to the reporter, the sentence is objective. Otherwise, the sentence is subjective.&amp;quot; 1 We focus on sentences about private states, such as belief, knowledge, emotions, etc. (Quirk et al., 1985), and sentences about speech events, such as speaking and writing. Such sentences may be either subjective or objective. From the coding manual: &amp;quot;Subjective speech-event (and private-state) sentences are used to communicate the speaker's evaluations, opinions, emotions, and speculations. The primary intention of objective speech-event (and privatestate) sentences, on the other hand, is to objectively communicate material that is factual to the reporter. The speaker, in these cases, is being used as a reliable source of information.&amp;quot; Following are examples of subjective and ob- null jective sentences: 1. At several different levels, it's a fascinating tale. Subjective sentence.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> 2. Bell Industries Inc. increased its quarterly to 10 cents from seven cents a share. Objective sentence.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> 3. Northwest Airlines settled the remaining  lawsuits filed on behalf of 156 people killed in a 1987 crash, but claims against the jetliner's maker axe being pursued, a federal judge said. Objective speech-event sentence. null</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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