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<Paper uid="W97-0204">
  <Title>Hanshin Publishing Co., Seoul, South Korea.</Title>
  <Section position="3" start_page="18" end_page="19" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
2 Frame Semantics.
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> In frame semantics we take the view that word meanings are best understood in reference to the conceptual structures which support and motivate them.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> We believe, therefore, that any description of word meanings must begin by identifying such underlying conceptual structures. 3 Frames have many properties of stereotyped scenarios -- situations in which speakers expect certain events to occur and states to obtain. 4 In general, frames encode a certain amount of &amp;quot;real-world knowledge&amp;quot; in schematized form. Consider the common scenario which exemplifies the commercial transaction .frame: the elements of such frames are the individuals and the props that participate in such transactions (which we call FRAME ELEMENTS): the individuals in this case are the two protagonists in the transaction; the props are the two objects that undergo changes of ownership, one of them being money.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> Some frames encode patterns of opposition that human beings are aware of through everyday experience, such as our awareness of the direction of gravitational forces; still others reflect knowledge of the structures and functions of objects, such as knowledge of the parts and functions of the human body. The study of the frames which enter into human cognition is itself a huge field of research - we do not claim to know in advance how much frame knowledge must be specifically encoded in frame descriptions to make them useful for either linguistic or NLP purposes. We expect to be able to draw tentative conclusions about this based on what we find in corpora.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3">  research. We wish to give the word a formal interpretation only to the extent that it helps us in our research and provides a container for the features and entities we describe. We do not, in this context, depend on any cialm.q about the cognitive status of frames.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4">  We will say that individual words or phrases evoke particular frames or instantiate particular elements of such frames. So, for example, if we are examining the &amp;quot;commercial transaction&amp;quot; frame, we will need to identify such frame elements as BUYER, SELLER, PAYMENT, GOODS, etc., and we can speak of such words as buy, sell, pay, charge, customer, merchant, clerk, etc., as capable of evoking this frame. In particular sentences, we might find such words or phrases as John, the customer, etc. instantiating the BUYER, or a chicken, a new car, etc., instantiating the GOODS.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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