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<Paper uid="C96-2117">
  <Title>Honorific Forms of Compound Verbals in Korean.&amp;quot;</Title>
  <Section position="3" start_page="0" end_page="693" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
2 Morphemes Relevant to
Honorification
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> Depending on who is respected by speaker, the honorification type is determined (for example, when a subject referent, an ohject referent, and addressee are honored by speaker, subject honorification, object honorification, and addressee honorification occur, respectively). The linguistic realization of these types of honorifieation is manifested by specific morphemes such as an honorific suffix, honorific case markers, an honorific infix, honorific verbal endings, and hmnble verb forms. Let us look at them one by one.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> First, when the honorific suffix him attaches to an NP, the referent of the NP is respected by speaker.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> Second, if an honorific case marker is used, the referent of the NP to which the honorific case market&amp;quot; attaches is respected by speaker. Plain (i.e., nonhonorific) case market's and honorific case markers corresponding to them are as shown in (1).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3">  (1) Case Markers -~_ nominative genitive plain ka, i uy h0nol'ific kkeyse dative accusative . e.ykey . u.!, hfl kkcy  Since neither an honorific genitive case marker nor an honorific accusative case marker exists, the referent of a genitive NP or an accusative NP is respected when the genitive NP or the accusative NP contains the honorific suffix nim. It is also possible to attach both the honorific suffix nim and an honorific case marker to an NP.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4"> Third, the honorific infix si appearing in a verb indicates that the referent of a subject NP is respected by speaker.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5">  Fourth, honorific verbal endings indicate that speaker shows honor or courtesy to addressee. The plain verbal endings and honorific verbal endings are as illustrated in (2).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="6">  The relationship between speaker and addressee determines whether a formal verbal ending or an informal verbal ending can be used. For example, when a conversation is made between friends, an informal verbal ending is used. On the other hand, when a businessman talks to another businessman, a formal verbal ending is used.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="7"> An honorific verbal ending is used when the social status of addressee is higher than that of speaker (in this case speaker shows honor to addressee) or when the social status of speaker is higher than that of addressee (in this case speaker shows courtesy to addressee). Thus from an honorific verbal ending we can infer that the social status of speaker and addressee is not equal.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="8"> Finally, the use of a humble verb form indicates that an object referent is respected by speaker and that the social status of an object referent is higher than that of a subject referent.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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