<?xml version="1.0" standalone="yes"?>
<Paper uid="C96-1056">
  <Title>GRICE INCORPORATED Cooperativity in Spoken Dialogue</Title>
  <Section position="3" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
1 Introduction
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> In the last four years, we have designed and implemented the dialogue component of a spoken language dialogue system (SLDS) prototype in the domain of flight ticket reservation. The aim has been to develop a realistic, application-oriented prototype whose dialogue management allows users to perform their reservation task in spontaneous and natural spoken language. Being well-structured, the ticket reservation task generally lends itself to system-directed dialogue in which the user answers questions posed by the system. The only user initiative our system permits is that users may initiate clarification and repair meta-communication through uttering the keywords 'repeat' and 'change'. In designing such a system, it is crucial to reduce the number of situations in which users are inclined to take other forms of dialogue initiative, such as asking questions when they do not understand the system's dialogue behaviour or providing information which the system did not ask for (Schegloff et al, 1977). This is why the issue of dialogue cooperativity came to play a central role in our design of the dialogue structure. We needed to optimist system dialogue cooperativity in order to prevent situations such as those described above. To this end, we developed a set of general principles to be observed in the design of cooperative, spoken human-machine dialogue. The principles have been validated in three ways. Firstly, they were developed on the basis of a simulated human-nmchine dialogue corpus collected during dialogue model design. Secondly, we compared the principles with Grice's maxims of co-operative human-human dialogue. Thirdly, the principles were tested against the dialogue corpus fi'om the user test of the implemented system.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> This paper analyses the relationship between our principles and Grice's maxims. We first describe how the principles were developed (Section 2). We then justify the comparison between principles and maxires (Section 3). Section 4 compares principles and maxims. Section 5 briefly describes how the principles were tested the on user test dialogue corpus, and Section 6 concludes the paper.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
class="xml-element"></Paper>