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<Paper uid="C96-1023">
  <Title>Classifiers in Japanese-to-English Machine Translation</Title>
  <Section position="3" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
1 Introduction
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> N()m~ I)hras(',s in Ja.pmms(' difl'(!r from l,hos(~ in l';nglish in two ilnt)orl;mll; ways. \]?irsl;, ,\]al)ml(~s(! has no ('quivalent synl;a(:l;i(: (;a,l,('gory l;(/ l&amp;quot;,nglish (l(;t(',rtniners. S(;(;on(\[, thtu'c is tit) grmmuatical tam'king of tl/lllil)(*,r, t \])~(~(;~l.ll,q(; ()f tlt(~SC diIl'(w(m(:es~ ml m('.ri(:a.1 expr(~ssi(/ns a.r(~ r('.aliz(;d very (lifft!r('.ntly in .la.lm, nes(~ and English. \[n English, comltal)l(; nouns can \])t; directly m()dili(!d l)y a mun(!ral: 2 dog,s. In ,la,limmse , h()w(!v('.r, nmncrals (:a,nnot, (lire(:tly mo(tiily C(/llllllOtl llOllliS, inst('ml a (:lassitier is us(;(t, in l;he stunt; way l;h~d; ~t \])arl;il;ivc noun is used wil,h a,n unc(mnta.ble noun in English: 2 pieces of fltrnit',,r'e. In addition, when .\]a.I)an(*a ~.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> is translated int(/li;nglish, tim scle(:tion ()I' a,l/pr()t)ria, l;(', d(;t(,,rmin(;rs, su(:h sis re'tit;los a,n(t t)ossc.ssiv(~ l/rOnouns, tLtl(t l;h(', d(;1,('amin~l;i(nt (if (:()unta.t)ilit;y a.nd mmfl)(;r is l)r()l)l('ma.tic.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> Various s(/lutions to t;he pr(/I)h~ms ()f gen(wating a.rti(:l(',s ;rod t)oss(',ssiv(~ 1)ronouns a.nd (t(;t('~rmining (:omltal)ilil;y a.nd munbcr have be(',n I/r()t)oseA (MunLta and Nagao, 1993; Cornish, Fujit;% and Sugimura, 1994; ll(md, Ogm'a, and Kawaoka., 1!)95). The (tiff(~r('.n(',('.s t)cl,w(wal the way mun(',ri(:M Cxlirt',ssi(/ns are realized in ,la.t)all(!s(~ a.ud English lists 1)Cell lo, ss studi(',d (Asa.hioka, llira.knwa, &amp;n(l Alll;l, tl(), 1.990). In this 1)a.t)(;r we l)roI)()s(~ m~ mmlysis of (:lassifiers based on lirOl)('rties of l)oth ,lapan(~,q('. mM English. Our caLegory (If classitier includes both ,\]a.im,nesc josusM 'tmm(.q'al clas-.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> ~.lal)mW~se does noI, \]ta,ve contrasting singular and l)hlr;fl forms of nouns.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4"> silicrs' mM English lmr(;itivo, nouns. W(', divide classifiers inl;o four m~ki(ir l,yl)c.s: UNIT, METIll(:, (;l/()\[Jl' ~-Llld S\['E(JII,;S. UNIT (:lassiIio.rs are I'urtlmr divided inl,o (II,;NEIIAI,, TYPI(?AI, ~LII(I SI'I,;(:IAI., whil(~ MI,YI'I/I(? classifiers are divided into h,ll,;:\StJlC/l,; ~/,lld (R)NTAINEII. classifiers. All,hough our ~malysis was tmscd on l;hc characteristics of, and difl'o, rences lmtwt!en, .bq)ane,q(! and Euglish, we fomtd il; t;o }m strikingly similaa to the, annlysis for Thai 1)rol)OS(~d by Sornlcrtlamwmic, het al. (1994), which sugg(',sts I;ha.l, Lhe re,quits ma.y bc useful for e.xa.miniug ol;hcr la.ngllages.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5"> The analysis inl;rotlut;ed in this tin.per has })eun iml)lem(!nla',(l in NTT Commutfi(:al;i(m S(:ien(:c l,a.1)or;~tori('.s' .J;qm.n(~s(&gt;t()-English nmchitm tr;mslal;i(m system ALT-J/E (lko, lm.r;~ el, al., 1!)91; ()gm'a ut al., 1993) ,qnc(! 1994. Ex~mlt)les o1' how it, has l)c(~n inipl(un(!nlx~(1 in ALT-J/E m(~ w(/v(!n l, hrough()ut the l;(!x\[;, nlth(mgh tim analysis it;self is not ti(',(1 t;o any t'ornmli,qm or \])ml;it:ulm repr(&gt; scnl;a,l;ion, so is ;Ma,ptat)lt: to any sysl;t;m, We Sl;al'l; O\[\[ l)y (!xmnining re(rot/lingual mm.ly ses o\[ ,laIm.no, s(~ classiticrs and English pm'l,it;ivt,, (!Xl)l't~SSit)llS (Sccl:ion 2). Then we introduce ore bilingual mmlysis o1 classifiers a,nd show how this a.na\]ysis can lm used in a..la.pmms(:-l:()-lC, nglish mn(:hin(~ trm&gt;lal,i(m sysI,em (Se(;l;i(m 3). We ~lls() ex;Llltill(! II!.()l'(~ (',Olllpl(~,X (',aS(!S who, l'C (;lassi/i(ws are used liD; normal nouns (S(w, ti(m 4). Flintily we (:Omllarc ore mmlyMs 1,() oth(;r l)(~ol)le's (S(w.l;i()n 5).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="6"> Thr(/ughout the, pallor we us(; th('. following al)ln'(;viations: A, B (/r N: z,oun or noun t)hrase; C: cla~sifi(;r, X: Nmneral, with ,\]apa.n('.s('. in it;ali(:s.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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