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<Paper uid="P95-1044">
  <Title>A Computational Framework for Composition in Multiple Linguistic Domains</Title>
  <Section position="2" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
1 Introduction
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> In this paper, we address the problem of modelling interactions between different levels of language analysis. In agglutinative languages, affixes are attached to stems to form a word that may correspond to an entire phrase in a language like English. For instance, in Turkish, word formation is based on suffixation of derivational and inflectional morphemes. Phrases may be formed in a similar way (1).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> '(They) are being made poor (impoverished)'.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> In Turkish, there is a significant amount of interaction between morphology and syntax. For instance, causative suffixes change the valence of the verb, mad the reciprocal suffix subcategorize the verb for a noun phrase marked with the comitative case.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4"> Moreover, the head that a bound morpheme modifies may be not its stem but a compound head crossing over the word boundaries, e.g., (2) iyi oku-mu~ ~ocuk well read-REL child 'well-educated child' In (2), the relative suffix -mu~ (in past form of subject participle) modifies \[iyi oku\] to give the scope \[\[\[iyi oku\]mu~\] 9ocuk\]. If syntactic composition is performed after morphological composition, we would get compositions such as \[iyi \[okumu~ 6ocuk\]\] or \[\[iyi okurnu~\] ~ocuk\] which yield ill-formed semantics for this utterance.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5"> As pointed out by Oehrle (1988), there is no reason to assume a layered grammatical architecture which has linguistic division of labor into components acting on one domain at a time. As a computational framework, rather than treating morphology, syntax and semantics in a cascaded manner, we propose an integrated model to capture the high level of interaction between the three domains. The model, which is based on Combinatory Categorial Grammars (CCG) (Ades and Steedman, 1982; Steedman, 1985), uses the morpheme as the building block of composition at all three linguistic domains.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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