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<Paper uid="H92-1068">
  <Title>Spontaneous Speech Effects In Large Vocabulary Speech Recognition Applications</Title>
  <Section position="2" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
1. INTRODUCTION
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> Recognition of spontaneous speech is an important feature of database-query spoken-language systems (SLS). However, most speech recognition research has focussed on acoustic and language modeling developed for recognition of read speech \[1\]. Read speech has been used extensively in the past for both training and testing speech recognition systems because it is significantly less expensive to collect than spontaneous speech, and because the lexical and syntactic content of the data can be controlled.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> The multi-site data collection effort \[3\] has provided a challenging corpus for research and development in the Airline Travel Information System (ATIS) domain. We have observed a significant increase in word error rate compared to the previous task domain, the read-speech naval Resource Management (RM) task \[2,6\]. Word error rates for RM systems have typically been in the 5% range, whereas ATIS word error rates have exceeded 10% \[4\], for comparable perplexities.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> The speaking style typically exhibited in the RM domain had a very consistent rate and articulation, within and across sentences, and across speakers. There were no disfluencies, such as word fragments, hesitations, or self-edits, since utterances containing these effects were removed from the corpus. The utterances tended to be short and direct (3.3 seconds long, on average). No pause fillers (uh, um), false starts, repairs, or excessively long pauses occurred. The speakers were able to concentrate on speech production, rather than query formation or problem solving. Furthermore, the training and testing texts were generated using a fixed vocabulary, and with the same, known language model, which quite adequately represented the source and target languages.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> The speaking style typically exhibited in the ATIS domain differs from that in the RM domain all of the above aspects. The speaking rate is highly inconsistent, both within utterances, across utterances within a session, and across sessions and speakers. The articulation is highly variable, with stressed forms of function words and reduced forms of content words typically not observed in read speech. The sentence lengths vary widely, and are typically longer than RM sentences (7.5 seconds long, on average). Some words in ATIS sentences may not exist in the recognizer's lexicon, and an appropriate language model must be developed.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4"> Most importantly, however, ATIS speech contains spontaneous effects and disfluencies: filled pauses, stressed or lengthened function words, false-starts and self-edits, word fragments, breaths, long pauses, and extraneous noises such as paper rustling and beeps. Data collected using systems containing automatic speech recognition and natural language components contain frequent occurrences of hyperarticulated words, elicited by the subjects in an attempt to overcome recognition or understanding errors \[5\]. Additionally, the data have been collected in normal office conditions (rather than in a soundproof booth), and recording quality and conditions vary across sites \[3\].</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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