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<Paper uid="P91-1025">
  <Title>Resolving Translation Mismatches With Information Flow</Title>
  <Section position="4" start_page="193" end_page="193" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
TRANSLATION DIVERGENCES 2 of this kind mani-
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> fest themselves at a particular representation level.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> They can be handled by (i) STRUCTURE-TO-STRUCTURE TRANSFERS, e.g., structural transformations of Nagao (1987), the sublanguage approach of Kosaka et al (1988), or by (ii) TRANSFER VIA A &amp;quot;DEEPER&amp;quot; COMMON GROUND, e.g., the entity-level of Carbonell and Tomita (1987), the lexical-conceptual structure of Dorr (1990). A solution of these types is not general enough to handle divergences at all levels, however. More general approaches to divergences allow (iii) MULTI-LEVEL MAPPINGS, i.e., direct transfer rules for mapping between different representation levels, e.g., structural correspondences of Kaplan et al. (1989), typed feature structure rewriting system of Zajac (1989), and abduction-based system of Hobbs and Kameyama (1990).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> We want to call special attention to a less widely recognized problem, that of TRANSLATION MISMATCHES.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> They are found when the grammar of one language does not make a distinction required by the grammar of the other language. For instance, English noun phrases with COUNT type head nouns must specify information about definiteness and number (e.g. a town, the town, towns, and the towns are well-formed English noun phrases, but not town).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4"> Whereas in Japanese, neither definiteness nor number information is obligatory. Note the translation pair Which blocks are clear? and f~ %_h~77 W~ W~\]~Cg~ ~deg~ ( Nanimo ne ni notteinai tnmiki ha dore ka) above. Blocks is plural, but tnmiki has no number information.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5"> A mismatch has a predictable effect in each translation direction. From English into Japanese, the plurality information gets lost. From Japanese into English, on the other hand, the plurality information must be explicitly added.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="6"> Consider another example, a portion of step-by-step instructions for copying a file from a remote system to a local system:</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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