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<Paper uid="W06-0607">
  <Title>Manual Annotation of Opinion Categories in Meetings</Title>
  <Section position="3" start_page="2" end_page="2" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
1 Introduction
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> Subjectivity refers to aspects of language that express opinions, beliefs, evaluations and speculations (Wiebe et al. 2005). Many natural language processing applications could benefit from being able to distinguish between facts and opinions of various types, including speech-oriented applications such as meeting browsers, meeting summarizers, and speech-oriented question answering (QA) systems. Meeting browsers could find instances in meetings where opinions about key topics are expressed. Summarizers could include strong arguments for and against issues, to make the final outcome of the meeting more understandable. A preliminary user survey (Lisowska 2003) showed that users would like to be able to query meeting records with subjective questions like &amp;quot;Show me the conflicts of opinions between X and Y&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;Who made the highest number of positive/negative comments&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Give me all the contributions of participant X in favor of alternative A regarding the issue I.&amp;quot; A QA system with a component to recognize opinions would be able to help find answers to such questions.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> Consider the following example from a meeting about an investment firm choosing which car to buy  . (In the examples, the words and phrases describing or expressing the opinion are underlined): null</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> OCK: Revenues of less than a million and losses of like five million you know that's pathetic Here, the speaker, OCK, shows his strong negative evaluation by using the expression &amp;quot;That's pathetic.&amp;quot; (2) OCK: No it might just be a piece of junk cheap piece of junk that's not a good investment In (2), the speaker uses the term &amp;quot;just a piece of junk&amp;quot; to express his negative evaluation and uses this to argue for his belief that it is &amp;quot;not a good investment.&amp;quot;</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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