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<Paper uid="W04-3253">
  <Title>Sentiment analysis using support vector machines with diverse information sources</Title>
  <Section position="3" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
2 Motivation
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> A continual challenge in the task of sentiment analysis of a text is to home in on those aspects of the text which are in some way representative of the tone of the whole text. In the past, work has been done in the area of characterizing words and phrases according to their emotive tone (Turney and Littman, 2003; Turney, 2002; Kamps et al., 2002; Hatzivassiloglou and Wiebe, 2000; Hatzivassiloglou and McKeown, 2002; Wiebe, 2000), but in many domains of text, the values of individual phrases may bear little relation to the over-all sentiment expressed by the text. Pang et al.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> (2002)'s treatment of the task as analogous to topicclassification underscores the difference between the two tasks. Sources of misleading phrases include what Pang et al. (2002) refer to as &amp;quot;thwarted expectations&amp;quot; narrative, where emotive effect is attained by emphasizing the contrast between what the reviewer expected and the actual experience.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> For example, in the record review data used in the present experiments, the sentence, &amp;quot;How could they not be the most unimaginative, bleak, whiny emo band since...&amp;quot; occurs in one of the most highly rated reviews, describing the reviewer's initial misgivings about the record under review based on its packaging, followed immediately by &amp;quot;I don't know. But it's nothing like you'd imagine. Not even almost.&amp;quot; Clearly, the strongly positive sentiment conveyed by these four sentences is much different from what we would expect from the sum of its parts. Likewise, another exceptionally highly rated review contains the quote: &amp;quot;This was a completely different band, defeated, miserable, and exhausted, absolutely, but not hopeless: they had somehow managed to succeed where every other band in their shoes had failed.&amp;quot; Other rhetorical devices which tend to widen the gap in emotional tone between what is said locally in phrases and what is meant globally in the text include the drawing of contrasts between the reviewed entity and other entities, sarcasm, understatement, and digressions, all of which are used in abundance in many discourse domains.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> The motivation of the present research has been to incorporate methods of measuring the favorability content of phrases into a general classification tool for texts.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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