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<Paper uid="W04-2204">
  <Title>Automatic Construction of a Transfer Dictionary Considering Directionality</Title>
  <Section position="3" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
1 Introduction
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> There are many ways of dictionary building.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> For machine translation, a bilingual transfer dictionary is a most important resource. An interesting approach is the Papillon Project that focuses on building a multilingual lexical data base to construct large, detailed and principled dictionaries (Boitet et al., 2002). The main source of multilingual dictionaries is monolingual dictionaries. Each monolingual dictionary is connected to interlingual links. To make this possible, we need many contributors, ex-Some of this research was done while at ATR.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> perts and the donated data. One of the studies related to the Papillon Project tried to link the words using de nitions between English and French, but the method can be extended to other language pairs (Lafourcade, 2002). Other research that focuses on the automatic building of bilingual dictionaries include Tanaka and Umemura (1994), Shirai and Yamamoto (2001), Shirai et al. (2001), Bond et al. (2001), and Paik et al. (2001).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> Our main concern is automatically building a bilingual dictionary, especially with di erent combinations of dictionaries. None of the research on building dictionaries seriously considers the characteristics of dictionaries. A dictionary has a peculiar characteristic according to its directionality. For example, we use a Japanese-to-English (henceforth, J)E) dictionary mainly used by Japanese often when they write or speak in English. Naturally, in this situation, a Japanese person knows the meaning of the Japanese word that s/he wants to translate into English. Therefore, an explanation for the word is not necessary, except for the words whose concept is hard to translate with a single word. Part-of-speech (henceforth POS) information is also secondary for a Japanese person when looking up the meaning of the corresponding equivalent to the Japanese word.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4"> On the other hand, an English-to-Japanese (henceforth E)J) dictionary is basically used from a Japanese point of view to discover the meaning of an English word, how it is used and so on. Therefore, explanatory descriptions, example sentences, and such grammatical information as POS are all important. As shown in (2), a long explanation is used to describe the meaning of tango, its POS and such grammatical information as singular or plural. Also, an E)J dictionary includes the word in plenty of examples, comparing to a J)E dictionary. The following examples clearly show the di erence.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5">  (1) J)E: a0a2a1a4a3 : a5 dancea6 the tango a5a8a7a7a7 sa6 (2) E)J: tan a9 go /(n. pl a7a7a7 s) a0a10a1a10a3 :a.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="6"> a11a10a12a2a13a2a14a16a15a18a17a20a19a22a21a24a23a26a25a10a27a10a28a18a23a24a29a31a30 ..etc.  (trans. tango \a dance of Central African aboriginals,...etc.&amp;quot;)b. a32a22a23a24a33 (trans. \its music&amp;quot;)Vi a0a2a1a2a3a2a34a36a35a38a37 (\to dance the tango&amp;quot;). In this paper, we evaluate the e ects that occur when we use di erent combinations of dictionaries and merge them in di erent ways.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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