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<Paper uid="W04-0706">
  <Title>Using word similarity lists for resolving indirect anaphora</Title>
  <Section position="3" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
2 Indirect anaphora
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> Coreference has been defined by (van Deemter and Kibble, 2000) as the relation holding between linguistic expressions that refer to the same extralinguistic entity. A slightly different discourse relation is anaphora. In an anaphoric relation the interpretation of an expression is dependent on previous expressions within the same discourse (in various ways). Therefore, an anaphoric relation may be coreferent or not. An expression may be anaphoric in the strict sense that its interpretation is only possible on the basis of the antecedent, as it is in general the case of pronouns in written discourse. On the other hand, it might be just coreferent, in the sense that the entity has been mentioned before in the text.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> In this work, we focus on the expressions that are anaphoric and coreferent, and restricting even more, just the indirect cases, when the antecedent head-noun and the anaphor head-noun are not same but semantically related.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> To clarify what we mean by indirect anaphora, we detail the classification we adopted in our previous work (Vieira et al., 2002; Vieira et al., 2003). Our classes of analyses were based on the analyses of English texts presented in (Poesio and Vieira, 1998), with the difference that we divided the Bridging class of their analyses into two different classes, separating coreferent (Indirect Anaphora) and non-coreferent (Other Anaphora) cases. Each definite description (d) is classified into one of the following four classes:  1. Direct anaphora: d corefers with a previous expression a; d and a have the same nominal head: a. A Comissao tem conhecimento do livro... (the Commission knows the book) d. a Comissao constata ainda que o livro nao se debruca sobre a actividade das varias... (the Commission remarks that the book ignores the activity of various) 2. Indirect anaphora: d corefers with a previous expression a; d and a have different nominal heads: a. a circulacao dos cidadoes que dirigem-se... (the flow of the citizens heading to...) d. do controle das pessoas nas fronteiras (the control of the people in the borders) 3. Other Anaphora: d does not corefer with a pre- null vious expression a, but depends for its interpretation on a: a. o recrutamento de pessoal cientifico e tecnico... (the recruitment of scientific and technical employees) null d. as condicoes de acesso a carreira cientifica (the conditions of employment for scientific jobs) 4. Discourse New: the interpretation of d does not depend on any previous expression: d. o livro nao se debruca sobre a actividade das varias organizacoes internacionais... (the book ignores the activity of various international organisation...) null In (Schulte im Walde, 1997) acquired lexical knowledge is used for solving bridging descriptions, a broader class of anaphoric relations that includes our class, indirect anaphora. (Poesio et al., 2002) presents alternative techniques, based on syntactic patterns, focusing on meronymy relations. Finally, (Bunescu, 2003) deals with another class of anaphoric descriptions, which is also included in the bridging class, called as associative anaphora, following (Hawkins, 1978), where associative anaphora is an anaphoric relation between non-coreferent entities.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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