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<Paper uid="C04-1043">
  <Title>Uni cational Combinatory Categorial Grammar: Combining Information Structure and Discourse Representations</Title>
  <Section position="3" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
2 Background
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> Categorial Grammars (CG) (Wood, 2000) are lexicalised theories of grammar. The notion of \category&amp;quot; refers to the functional type that is associated with each entry in the lexicon which determines the ability of a lexical item to combine with other lexical items. CGs also have a set of rules de ning the syntactico-semantic operations that can be performed on the categories. null Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) is a generalisation of CG (Steedman, 2000). While the pure CG only involved functional application rules for combining categories, CCG introduces several additional combinatory rules for both syntactic and semantic composition  |forward and backward composition, and crossed composition, as well as substitution rules. As a result, CCG covers a wide range of linguistic phenomena, including various kinds of coordination. For building semantic representation CCG uses the lambda calculus, although unication has been proposed as well (Steedman, 1990). Moreover, CCG has a built-in theory of intonation and information structure (Steedman, 2000), that we will use as the basis for our computational treatment of theme, rheme and focus.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> Uni cation Categorial Grammar (UCG) uses Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar type of feature structures, called signs, to represent the categories of lexical items (Zeevat, 1988; Calder et al., 1988). The directionality of the attributes of a functor category is marked by the features pre and post on its attributes rather than by the directionality of the slashes as it is done in CCG. In contrast to CCG, UCG only uses forward and backward application as means for combining categories. The use of signs makes it straightforward to de ne the syntax-semantic interface.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> The formalism that we introduce in this paper, UCCG, aims to marry the best parts of CCG and UCG. Following UCG, we use signs to represent the linguistic data, and both semantics and syntax are built up simultaneously via uni cation. From CCG we inherit the directional slash notation, the additional combinatory rules, and the analysis of intonation. UCCG employs DRT (Kamp and Reyle, 1993) with neo-davidsonian style event semantics as semantic formalism, but extends the basic DRS language to allow integration of prosodic information in syntactic and semantic analysis.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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