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<Paper uid="W03-1207">
  <Title>Discovery of Manner Relations and their Applicability to Question Answering</Title>
  <Section position="2" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
1 Introduction
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"/>
    <Section position="1" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
1.1 Problem description
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> An important semantic relation for several NLP applications is the manner relation. Consider the sentence (from the Democratic response to the President Bush' 2003 State of the Union Address): We want to work together to build our new economy, creating jobs by investing in technology so America can continue to lead the world in growth and opportunity.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> There are four manner relations in this text: (1) together is a manner adverb that modifies the verb work, (2) creating jobs is an adverbial phrase attached through a manner relation to the verb work, (3) by investing in technology is a prepositional phrase that expresses manner and attaches to the verb create, and (4) in growth and opportunity is a manner prepositional phrase that modifies the verb lead.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="2"> The discovery of manner relations in open text allows Question Answering systems to identify these relations and formulate answers to manner questions that otherwise are not possible even with state-of-the-art QA systems. For example, by identifying the manner relations in the example above, the following how questions may be answered: Q: How do Democrats want America to lead the world ? A: in growth and opportunity Q: How do Democrats want to work? A: work together (with Republicans).</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="3"> Q: How do Democrats want to build the economy ? A: by creating jobs; Q: How do Democrats want to create jobs? A: by investing in technology This paper provides a method for discovering manner semantic relations in open text.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="2" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
1.2 The semantics of manner relation
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> In WordNet, the manner relation is defined as a way of acting or behaving. Similar definitions are provided by psychology researchers (Graesser et al., 2000).</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> There are different ways of expressing manner and the difficulty arises that the same lexico-syntactic patterns that express manner also express other semantic relations in different contexts. A possible way to check whether or not a verb expression conveys manner is to answer correctly the question &amp;quot;In what manner/how a4 to verb a5 ?&amp;quot; For example, for run quickly, we ask how to run? However, this test holds only when there are no other answers to questions like &amp;quot;Where a4 verb a5 ?&amp;quot;, or &amp;quot;When a4 verb a5 ?&amp;quot; that make sense. For example, jump over the fence or jump always are not manner relations although they may answer correctly a how question.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="3" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
1.3 Previous work
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> Although manner relations were studied by philosophers (Aristotle, 350BC), logicians, psychologists and linguists (Quirk et al., 1985), (Fellbaum, 2002), not much work has been done to automatically identify the manner relations in texts. Hearst (Hearst, 1998) developed a method for the automatic acquisition of hypernymy relations by identifying a set of frequently used and unambiguous lexico-syntactic patterns. Then, she tried applying the same method to other semantic relations, such as part-whole, but without much success, as the patterns detected were ambiguous.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
  </Section>
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