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<Paper uid="W01-1308">
  <Title>Unifying TENSE, ASPECT and MODALITY across languages</Title>
  <Section position="3" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
TIAL AND TEMPORAL DIRECTION to reference
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> to TEMPORAL DIRECTION. The semantic reduction strengthens the informativity and relevance of the TEMPORAL meaning (Hopper and Traugott, 1993, 65). Yet the general semantic schema of a DIRECTION FROM SOURCE TO GOAL is preserved in this transfer.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> As may be seen with the above given examples, the same series of semantic transitions or &amp;quot;clines&amp;quot; reoccur with different lexical units both within one and the same language, as with the English MOTION verbs go and come, and across languages, as with the equivalents go in English, gehen in German, aller in French and finally ir in Spanish. These clines are also similar across languages which are areally and genetically unrelated. The claim is therefore that these clines are universal and in most cases irreversible pathways of semantic change, that is we cannot observe speakers to be involved in a semantic extension from the domain of TIME to the domain of SPACE. This is the universal cognitive principle of unidirectionality (Hopper and Traugott, 1993, 1,6); (Bybee et al., 1994, 19,300). This paper will provide a theory about unidirectionality from the perspective of cognitive linguistics which will be evaluated and formalized by the grammaticalization cline of while. Finally we will discuss which implications the grammaticalization cline of while has for a our theory of unidirectionality.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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