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<Paper uid="C00-2120">
  <Title>Matching a tone-based and tune-based approach to English intonation for concept-to-speech generation</Title>
  <Section position="6" start_page="832" end_page="833" type="evalu">
    <SectionTitle>
4 Results
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> The first l)art of the study estaMished that there is a basic eorresl)onden(:e l)etween the SFG tones mid particular sequences of ToBI lal)els tbr the simplest possible utterances, i.e., those consisting of a tonic segment only. As can be seen from ~l~,l)le 1, tone 1 usually corresponds to H'L-L%, tone 2 to L'H-H% and tone 4 to II*L-H%. a These siml)le milts usually have one pitch a('cent and (;oincide with one intonation t)hrase (:(resisting of one internmdiate 1)hrase.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> In a second step, we looked at the more complicated utterances, i.e., those with a pretonic segment, and those consisting of a sequence of tone groups. In these cases there is usually more 2The phonetieimt was aware of the Sl.'(' analysis. However, the ToBI analysis was done listening to the audio files and looking at the pitch plots.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> aThis confirms e.g., Ladd (1.996) stating that the British-style &amp;quot;nuclear-tones&amp;quot; are merely the specific contbinations of accents and edge tones.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> than one l)itch accent per utterance. Further, if the utterance has a Pretonic, there is always a pitch accent in that segment. Also, what can lie seen here is that there is no more than one internlediate l)hrase per tone group, and more than (}lie tone group per intonation phrase.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4"> Table 2 gives |;lie ToBI seqllenee for the utt;eran(;es which include a pretonic segnle.nt. The results are essentially the same as for the sin&gt; ph; utterances (~151)le 1). One small difference is that tone 1 and tone 4 can have either an H* or a !H* nuclear accent. This however is expected, |)ecause it simply means that although the nuclear accent is high, it is down-stepped from an earlier It* accent.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5"> rl'al)le, 3 gives the TOBI S(Xluences for utteranees consisting of SF(; tone groul) sequences.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="6"> The Toni analysis tbr the final tone in a sequence are essentially the same as tbr the utteranees given in Table 2. The first tone group in a se(lllen(;e is more often than not an interme(liate t)hrase rather than a separate intonation l)hrase. Itowevei', keel)ing in mind the dominating intonation 1)hrase, the ToBI sequences for the first elenmnt in a sequence are essentially the same as t'omld for utterances with a 1)retoni(: clement (Table 2). The results shown in Tal)les 1, 2, and 3 taken together show that tbr tones 1, 2, 4 there is one corresponding 'l.'oBI sequence each tlmt characterizes tile interval 1)etween the nuclear accented word and the edge of the 1)hrase regardless of the complexity of the ul;terance.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="7"> We also tbund a very close correspondence between the ~ibnic in SFG and the nuclear accented syllable in the Tom analysis: In virtually all cases they were in exactly the same place in the analyses. When the utteran(:es are more (:on lplex, e.g., they have a 1)retonic segment, or consist of sequences, in l;he ToBI analysis 1)itch accents are also lint in other places, not just on the mmlear accented syllaMe. ToBI analysis, unlike SFC, allows for more than just the nuclear accented syllable to be marked up. The extra pitch accents from the ToBI analysis are potentially a problem for a ToBI-SFG mapping.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="8"> However, closer examination of the placelnent of these other 1)itch accents revealed that they always fall on the first syllable of a foot (also when that is not the one carrying the nuclear stress).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="9"> This suggests that the SFG feet can give some  information about where these other pitch accents are likely to tM1 or, that these other pitch accents may be an indication of toot boundaries.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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