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<Paper uid="E95-1024">
  <Title>Off-line Optimization for Earley-style HPSG Processing</Title>
  <Section position="6" start_page="176" end_page="177" type="concl">
    <SectionTitle>
5 Concluding Remarks
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> An innovative approach to HPSG processing is described that uses an off-line compiler to automatically prime a declarative grammar for generation or parsing, and inputs the primed grammar to an advanced Earley processor. Our off-line compiler extends the techniques developed in the context of the DIA in that it compiles typed feature structure grammars, rather than simple logic grammars.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> The approach allows efficient bidirectional processing with similar generation and parsing times. It is shown that combining off-line techniques with an advanced Earley-style generator provides an elegant solution to the general problem that empty or displaced heads pose for conventional head-driven generation. null The developed off-line compilation techniques make crucial use of the fundamental properties of the HPSG formalism. The monostratal, uniform treatment of syntax, semantics and phonology supports  178.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> dataflow analysis, which is used extensively to provide the information upon which off-line compilation is based. Our compiler uses the type hierarchy to determine paths with a value of a minimal type without appropriate features as bound. However, the equivalent of this kind of minimal types in untyped feature structure grammars are constants which can be used in a similar fashion for off-line optimization.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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