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<Paper uid="P85-1006">
  <Title>MEINONGIAN SEMANTICS FOR PROPOSITIONAL SEMANTIC NETWORKS</Title>
  <Section position="7" start_page="48" end_page="48" type="concl">
    <SectionTitle>
6. PARSONS'S THEORY.
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> Terence Parsons's theory of nonexistent oh\]eeLs (1980; cf.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> Rapa~x~rt 1976. 1978. 198.5) recognizes only one type of ob\]ect-intenstonal ones--and onl~&amp;quot; one m(xle of predlcatton. But it has two  'The round square is round', ~rhe round square is square', and &amp;quot;Tho round square is impossible' on Rapaportdegs theory. types ill&amp;quot; properties: nuclea~ and extranuclea~. Tile tormer includes all &amp;quot;ordinary&amp;quot; properties such as: being red. being round, etc.; the latter includes such properties as: existing, being ~ml~t~sthJe. etc. I~u\[ the thstlnctnon ts SlurrY, s, nce for each extranuclear pn~perty, there Is a ct)rresl~)ndlng nuclear one. J:or ever',' set ~d nuclear prtt pertles, there Ix a unique ohlect that has ~nls,&amp;quot; rh,w,e prt~l~rt~es. Existing ohlects must he ct~mplete (and. ~tf ct~urse, ctmslstent).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> though not all such ohle~ts exist. For instance, the Morning Star and the I:'vening Slat don't exist (tl th~ are taken to ct)nsnst, roughly, of only two properties each). I'he ~ound square, of course.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> ts (and only ls~ hits round and square ,and. ~, ~sn't non-square; through tt is. for that rea~am, lmp~.xsd~le, hence not real. .-ks for the existing golden mountain, exintence ix extranuclear. ~l the set ~1 these three properties doesn't Ila~.e a cttrre.~p~mtlung ~)htect. There is, however, a &amp;quot;'watered do~ n&amp;quot;. nuclear ~ersion ,~1 existence, and there is an ex=stm~ golden mountain that has Ihat property; hut it didn't ha',e the extranuclear property ~,1 existence, and. '~ ~t doesn't exist.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4"> Parstms's the~lrv could pn~ tdea semantics for SNeI&gt;S. though the use of two types of properties pla~ restrictions on the po~tble uses of SNePS. On the other hand, SNePS could he used to represent Parsons's theory (though a device would be needed for marking the d~sttoctlon between nuclear and extranuclear properties) and, hence.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5"> tt~ether with I)arrams's natural language semantics, to provide a hX)t f(}r comptit:ttit)nal linguistics. Fig. h suggests how tilts might be d~me.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="6"> Fi~. 6. A SNePS representation of The round square is round, square, and impossible'  on Parsons's th~orT.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="7"> 7. CASTANIrDA'S THEORY.</Paragraph>
    <Section position="1" start_page="48" end_page="48" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
Ilector-N~ri Castan'eda's theory of &amp;quot;guises&amp;quot; (1972, 1975a-c.
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> 1977, 197q. 1980) is a better .~ndidate. It is a fully intensional theory with one type of oh!oct: guises (intensional items corr~ponding to ~t.q ,if properties), and one type of property. More prettily, there are properties (e.g., being round, being square, being blue .... ). ~ees of these (called guise cores: e.g., {being round, being squaret), and an ontic counterpart, c, or the detimte-descriptlon operator, which ns used to form guises; e.g.. c{being round, being square |is the round square. Guises can be understood, roughly, as things-under-a-descrtptmn. ~,s &amp;quot;facets&amp;quot; of (physical and nonphysical) ob.l~t.s, as &amp;quot;roles&amp;quot; that ohjecr,s play, or, in general, as objects t)l&amp;quot; thought.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> Gui~ theory has two modes of predication: internal and external In general, the gui~ cl... F... } is-internally t'. I:..g., the gut~ (named by) the round square is-mternally only round and square. The two guises the tallest mountain and &amp;It. Everest are related hv an external mode of predication called consubstantialion (C'*). Consuh~tantmtnon is an equivalence relation that is u~d in the analyses of (I) external predication, (2) co-reference, and (3) existence: l,et a = c {... /&amp;quot;... } be a guise and let a\[fi l =~f c({. . . 1&amp;quot; ...} u l(; }). Then(I)a ~s-externally(; (in one ,sense) if C~(a. a\[G \]). For instance. &amp;quot;the Morning Star ts a planet' is true because C~( c t M. S }, c { M . S, P }): i.e.. the Morning Star and the Morning Star that is a planet are consul~tantlated. (2)Gut~ a &amp;quot;is the ~me as&amp;quot; gul~ b .I and ~mlv d&amp;quot; ('*ab. I:~r instance, 'the M~)rnlng Star tx tile ~me as the Evening Star&amp;quot; ~s true because (&amp;quot;(tIM.S}. ~.Jt&amp;quot;,S}). .-\nd (31 ,t exists, tl ,Had ~niv H 'here I~ .t guise b such that (&amp;quot;,lb.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="2"> Amtther e\ternal nl,~e td' predt~atl~)n ~x ~,msociati,..n (('&amp;quot;).</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="3"> This ts al~ an equivalence relalltm, hut t~ne that holds between gu0se~ that a m0nd has &amp;quot;put together&amp;quot;. ~.e.. between gulwes m &amp;quot;behef space&amp;quot;. I'(~r unsran~.e, (&amp;quot; &amp;quot;(llamlet. the Prm~,e ~f I)enmark J. (&amp;quot; anti C&amp;quot; ct~rre~p~md alm~sr exactly r(~ tile use ~t tile I'OUIV art sn 'q,NePS. \lalda and Shap~n~ ~I'IS2: );1131~ u.~ the I-{)UIV ca~-frame to represent t,o relerence f ~vhlch us ~hat ('&amp;quot; us), hut, .~s I have suggested In RapaI~rt lt~84h. I:(J('l\&amp;quot; m~re prnpertv repre~ntx believed ct~ relerence-- ~A,'hl~.h Is '~'ltat (''= IS. It sht~uld he clear h,~ gu:~ the~rv can pnw~de a ~mantncs It)r 'qNeP%. Ilg.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="4"> 7 &amp;quot;;ugge'~ls h~v. thus m~t, ht h~ done. %~nle pn~hlems remain, ho,x ever: in p.lrtlcular, the need t~ pn:,tde ,= SXeP ~, ~t~rrel,te lt}r mter hal predt~,at~t~n and the retlu~renlent ~1 explicating external predication In terms ~1 retatl~n~', like (&amp;quot; . Note. h~, tha! nt~des m3. mS. and m8 in F!y. 7 ;ire 'structured illdl~.ldtl.~ls '&amp;quot; -a ,~rt ~1 molecular h;~se nixie.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="5"> g. CON(~L USION.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="6"> It ~s p~,sthle rn provide a tully tntenslonal, nt)n-fx~,'~ahlew(~rlds ~malltlCS for ~NePS and similar ,~emanttc net~.v~rk f(wmal tsms. &amp;quot;l he tnt~t strat~,htlttr~.vard way ,s h~ use ~,letmmg's thet~rv ~)l ohlects, though thus the~rv has tile dx.,,ad~antage ,~t not being f~,rmah/C/d. There are several extant formal ~.|emon~lan theorte~ that can t~ u.sed, t|t~;u~h eaLh has L.ertaln dt~tdvantages or pn~hl~mr;.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="7"> Two hnes ,ff ,e~earch are currently being inv,~;tlgate~d: (1) Take ~.Nel~F, as :s. and prnvide a nov,', formal Memonglan theory I',~r Its semanth.: ~~,u,'tdatl~)n. Thin has not been discussed here. hut the wav to do this sh~luid be clear: from the p~.s.slhtlittes examined ab~lve.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="8"> My t~v,'n theory (strspped of Its exten~mnal IragmentJ ~)r a m(Cdl~;:il~n (~ |(',istaRetia'y~ rllel~rv ~'enl tile me,st pronll~ln~ appn~:u.he~. {2~ Modnlv S~.eP% '~ that ~n~ ,,I the extant lormal \lenn~;n~.)an ttl,t~rtc.s can ~ ,a~ used. S3,eP~ ~s, nn fact, ~.urrentIv |~nn\[. m,~dlhed hv tile SNePS Research \[intup-lor independent rea..-a,l'.S - 'n v,'avN that make it cheer to ('.=,,talleda's guise theory, hv :he tnt.&amp;quot;(xlUCtlon of structured mdt~,uduals--&amp;quot;hase nodes&amp;quot; with descending arcs for indicating their &amp;quot;internal ~tructure&amp;quot;.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="9"> ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="10"> This research was supported in part by ~ilSN'I' Buifalo</Paragraph>
    </Section>
  </Section>
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