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<Paper uid="A83-1009">
  <Title>PROTOTYPE EVENT EVENT TYPE AGENT (OR OBJECT PLUS OWNER) TIME OF THE EVENT LOCATION AT WHICH EVENT TOOK PLACE PATIENT, OR ENTITY AF- FECTED BY THE EVENT INTERPRETATION OF THE EVENT PROTOTYPE OF SPECIFIC EVENT AIRSPACE VIOLATION AIRCRAFT OWNED BY COUNTRY C TIME AT WHICH VIO&amp;quot; LATION OCCURRED LOCATION AT WHICH VIOLATION OCCURRED OWNER OF VIO- LATED AIRSPACE PROBABLE REASON FOR VIOLATION EVENT EXAMPLE AIRSPACE VIOLATION A UGANOAN FIGHTER</Title>
  <Section position="5" start_page="55" end_page="60" type="concl">
    <SectionTitle>
2.0 THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> /Ul noted above, the subiengusge of the message carpore for the air sotivitJes and S&amp;M domains Is essentially a vehicle for ~ng events. Kuhns and Montgomery \[1978\] presented * detailed .:ethodology for classifying the various types of events described In the .:essages, which Is shown In Figure 2, and summmtzed below.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> Before describing the event clmlflcatlon, however, It Is enlightening to review briefly soma example .:esaages In order to understand the motivation for this rather complex model Some mmsgas w for example, those encountered In our previotm research on the air activities domain -- may report only primitive events. However, as noted shove and IlluatTerted in Figure 3, s message may in fact be a report of * report-- that Is, It may Include e report of an event by so.:e other source than the originator of the message. The &amp;quot;announcement m Is thus a row0rt of * * launch m event, which Is the basic or prlmiUve event being reported. The mmnrmunoementm \],., an event, but It Is clearly not on the same level as the primitive event.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> Rather, it is s report about the launch, s .:eta-event that Incidentally introduces s new Infatuation source of different credibility than the originator of the .:esaege. However, this dlsUnotJon alone Is not sufficient to account for the difference between the Initial two sentencea of the sxa.:pia message end the third sentence, whloh contains an evaluation of the announce.cent, stat-Ing that It wu characterized by &amp;quot;routine&amp;quot; wording. It Is thus an evalueUve com.:entary on the press snrmunce,:ant of the launch event Since the announcement has been defined am s .:eta-event, the comment represents another mete-leveL In fact, In reviewing additional example8 of the .:emsege traffic in this scenario, it Is clear that, In order to accurately distill and represent Information contained in the text of these messages, the enalyl:lcal .:ethodo~ogy must Identify end uniquely label the following types of information:  mW world situeth=n which underlies the scenmto. Part of the modet derives from the event clmificaUon schema mentlmled shove, and Illustrated in Figure 2, which was deveiooed to account for the levels of content occurlng in the event-oriented message disooume, in this clanslficetion, there are two major types of events, mete meats and n~t-mete event I. Of the letter, events may bo al~lorvartkNlei, Or prlmltive. An obaervetlonaJ evenf~ la a direct perception of an event, which may be a visual percopUon (e.g., &amp;quot;observe&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sightS), Or In Ute cane of a sensor, an electronic measurement of the emitted energy charanterizlng the event. A primlt|ve event is thus a physical event of some kind which does not Involve an obaervaUon Or per~epUQn. Primitive evento may be attributive Or relatloeai. An attribuUve event doacriben a situation In which a particular entity hag * partiooiar attribute at a certain time or during a particular time Interval (other than the attribute location, which Is coveted under relational events), for example: WTerrex 534 operates In the high density mode&amp;quot;. A relational event Involves entitles which stand In an n-sty relation with oath other st a certain Urea or during s fixed time period. The Importance of the subclasses of world point and world point qualification event8 la in defining the world lira of sn entity, say the track cf s ship or submarine. Of these distinctions, the moat relevant for this discussion ere those Involving mete-events and memete events, and of the latter, primiUve vef=us obaervetkmad events.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> In torero of the scenm'io described aDQve, a primitive ovwrt many occur, say, * aatelllte launch by tllo Delta Confederation, am Illustrated In Figure 4. This event, like any other event, Involves the emission of energy. Such in omission 18 perceived by a sensing device of the El~ilml RopubllG. The device genefetoe (down arrow) a report of the giv|m event, In terms of the partlcuisr attributes of the event It la designed to measure. This sefmer report Is an obaervetlonaJ event, entailing an obaervetlml of a primitive evonL An S&amp;M analyst for the Repubilk: ancemles (up arrow) this report, which contains digitized Information generated by the sensor, Ilttefll~to this Information ~1 * launch event, and Issues his own report about that event.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4"> HI8 rel~rt, which la an IntsrpretaUon of the primitive event baned on the obaervetionW event, Is s zeroth m~lm. mete-event= the common denominator of the ruesmlge traffic. At the same time, the Deltas may release an Internal report about the launch, which would also (mnstltlxte s zeroth order mote-event. Based on that aport, the Delta prim agency, NYT, may Issue an snnounomaent of the primitive event, the snnmmoemsnt thus e~nwUtutea s f~der mete-event. An Epsllon Republk: rq~rter may then make an Interpretation of.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5"> that ennota~enent~ In the form of a report, which being a report of 4 first-order mete-event -- Is therefore m aecmtd ~ mete-event. Corrections or other changes made by El=~lllon reporters to these messages constitute a third mete level of reporting event, since they may reference reports of reports of events.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="6"> The m(xlet thul fair accounts for the event reporting structure which undmtioa the Delta/Epsilon scenario, but we must slam acm~alt for the repo~ar's comments about the event -- Le., his interpretation or evaluation of the event -- which can occur at any of these levels.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="7"> The moortor~s goaJ Is to Identify and denoribe all the relevant parameters of an event (exemplified by the ~ots In the template for a launch event, shown in the center of Figure 5) based on the observational report produced by the sensor and any other information he may hive (e.g., knowledge that a replacement of s nonfunctioning communications satellite is likely within a given time frame). However, if the reportor's Information Is Incomplete or Imprecise, he cannot exactJy describe the parameters of an event, but will give his best Interpretation of the event baaed on whet he knows.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="8"> Thus he may report a launch of &amp;quot;an unidentified satellite&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;a probable television support satellite&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;s possible CE satellite&amp;quot;. In some cases, ho may have enough Information to make a comperaUve evaluation with launch events which have occurTed In the pest: &amp;quot;a new ESV&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;the second CE satellite to be successfully orbited by the Deitim this year&amp;quot;. SUil another type of mete Infer- null sauce 18 exemplified by the last sentence In the sample memmge presented above: the assignment of an Iden-UflcaUon number to s space object.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="9"> If a reporter'a InformaUon is good, I.e., complete and precise, the fo4iowing type of launch report i8 produced: the s~Jrce 18 the actual originator of the message.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="10"> Thus, In the cane of the &amp;quot;designate: mete template, the mlnfoamm=e&amp;quot; of the designation Information (i.e., that the particular satellite launched from that site st that date end time hen been designated s space object called  However, when hi8 Informat~n Is Impremiao and hie Imowledge can add little to it, he must rmmrt to the qualified or mota-Gommented typos of messages dlm(~rJbed above.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="11"> In order to accommodate such qualified end mete~mmectary types of Informatkm, each event templets may have emaciated with It one or more mote templates contA~ing Interpretive or evaluative Information. Thus, 88 represented In Figure 5, an Imitantiated launch tentplate produced frmn an obaervaUonal event and a primitive event (a zeroth order reporting event, ea illustrated in Figure 4) may have several additional quallficetlorm (exemplified by, hut not Ilmlted to, the mete templates llh~streted In the figure). So, for example, a meta evaltmttve template 2 mmoclated with * laundl template exl=reales the Epalion reporterJs degree of belief or m=nfidenco In the launch parameters he rep(x~a: the object in the event template 18 belaeved by the Epalion reporter to be a CE (or Crop Enhancement) satellite from the Infometion presented In the observational relx~ by the sensor, end from hht owvl knowledge of pest occurrences of CE satellite launches, as wail as expeateth:me of pG88iblc replacement ieunchee, etc., during p~rtlculer Use Intervals. All or none of the listed psi'easters for * launch event may be qualified In this way. Thus, in Figure 5, the Epalk=n reporter believes that, to the best of hhl knowledge, the space object Involved In the major launch event 18 a &amp;quot;probable&amp;quot; CE or crop enhancement satellite, and that the time of launch IS &amp;quot;approximate\[y&amp;quot; 113OZ.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="12"> Each mete template ha8 field8 which Identify the source, am weft ms the Use and date of the Interpretive Informatill. As opposed to the &amp;quot;infosouroe= parameter of these mote templates -- which shows the ulUmate source of the Information contained in the Instantlatad templets -2. The template and mats template structures shown in this figure are Intended to be Illustrative only: for example, the object, date/time group, and deorbit information constitute embedded templates linked to the main &amp;quot;launch&amp;quot; event template by pointers. In addition, there are several alternatives for more economical Internal representation of mete template Ioformation, which are currently under review for the ~'~uai design and Implementation o1' this information within MATRES and within the Actfvs/Irrm~pective InformaUon System (a knowledge-based Intelligent 88alatsnt, as menUonod above), which MATRES feeds.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="13"> * Termx 584&amp;quot;) Is NY'r, the new8 agency of the Delta Corffederetiofl, Indicating that this InformaUon came from in NYT proml wmounoement quoted (and Interpreted) by an Epalion reporter. This distinguishes such Information frmu that relmremented by the &amp;quot;mmignn mete template, where the Epellon Republic reporting staff ~8algn an Identmcetlon number of their own to the satellite payload far futwe referMme.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="14"> Another significant analytical ~ of the Epallon reporter In thio suemmlo 18 the C/oem=eratlve evaluation, XUuatrstod by the w~'omperQm mete template. These comparisons Involve overate which have takes place before, in thhs C/:880, ImJnch evento, and/or obJecto Involved In such htun~ea. Ao In the example shme. In Figure 5, the comperim~ nuty specify an ewmt Involving the continuation of * satellite In am active status, where other such israelite8 an now Inactive (Jew\[led compsr18on): e.g., ~'oft~Jx 584 141 the on~ first generation crop enhancemet sutoUlta which 18 mm~mtiy active.&amp;quot; An I~ fINtOUolt of mite templates Is to represent pimdkrtJve In/~N~tJons I.o., descriptk:m8 of events expe,~ed In the future, based on other events which have ocmHyed In the pelt, or are currently In process.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="15"> The &amp;quot;expect e template in Figure 5 expresses the presumable or expected pMsJlrleters of mission duration, and conaoqueRtly, the deorbit event which 18 mltlclpated for (~tober 2~ To summarize, the function of the mete templates Is to Identify and delimit evaluative commentary, which isolates the factual InformaUon presented In most zeroth order mote event reports, and Identifies Information pertaining to credibility of the event occurrence, comperebllll~/ with otilcr aim\[Jar entitles and events, prediction8 of fUtlKe related ovento, etc.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="16"> On the other hand, In addiUon to distinguishing the vsrlo4J8 Iovehl of event occuffenGe, observation, and report-Ing, the fonotJon of the mete event structure Illustrated in Figures 2 and 4 Is to clearly demarcate the &amp;quot;Oetta versus Epallon&amp;quot; (in terms of the scenario described above) aspects of the messages. The reporters of the Epailoll Republic &amp;quot;assign&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Specold&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;WSJ&amp;quot; IdeITtlflcation numbers for space object Inventory purposes; the De\[iN &amp;quot;denlgnate&amp;quot; their own apace objects with par*,JctdaJ, clanaea of object names, e.G., &amp;quot;Tarrex 5~59&amp;quot;. They * launch&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;put Into orbit&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;deorbit&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;recover&amp;quot;, etc., while the Epailon reporters &amp;quot;assess&amp;quot;, determine &amp;quot;active&amp;quot; vs. &amp;quot;Inactive&amp;quot; cactus, attribute satellite  =programs = and &amp;quot;medntenance&amp;quot; of such progreums, at(:., to the Delten.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="17"> Alll~1ough the detailed ImplementaUon of some of theme noUon= remedna to be worked out -- In perttGular, the Interflclm with the Acthte/InU'oepectJve Informatlon System -- we expect that the essentleda of the analyl;Ir.4d ~oproech dls(:u~sed In this paper will be demonstrable on the MATRES teethed toward the end of 188;).</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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