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<Paper uid="W01-1612">
  <Title>nnotating Anaphoric and Bridging Relations with MMAX</Title>
  <Section position="8" start_page="9" end_page="9" type="concl">
    <SectionTitle>
6 Outlook: Multi-modal Corpora
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> The definitions of the phenomena anaphor and bridging presented in this paper as well as the annotation scheme developed were tailored mainly to the needs of written texts. This bias is apparent both in the way we defined markables as well as in the attributes that we specified for them. In addition, our conception of antecedence was also influenced by it in that the notion of linear order (as can be observed between words in a written text) was at least implicit in it. All phenomena, however, are not limited to the domain of written text: They also occur in spoken language and dialogue. What is even more important: The means by which they are accomplished there include non-verbal elements like gazes and in particular pointing gestures.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> It is not at all clear yet if and how traditional definitions of phenomena like anaphor or bridging can be transferred to multi-modal corpora. In particular, phenomena like cross-modal anaphor and bridging need to be studied in more detail. As a step in this direction, we have already applied MMAX to the annotation of cospecification in multi-modal corpora (M&amp;quot;uller &amp; Strube, 2001).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> Acknowledgements. We thank Lutz Wind for giving feedback on previous versions of MMAX. We also thank the two anonymous reviewers for their useful comments. The work presented here has been partially funded by the German Ministry of Research and Technology under grant 01 IL 904 D/2 (EMBASSI) and by the Klaus Tschira Foundation.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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