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<Paper uid="C00-2120">
  <Title>Matching a tone-based and tune-based approach to English intonation for concept-to-speech generation</Title>
  <Section position="7" start_page="833" end_page="833" type="concl">
    <SectionTitle>
5 Conclusions
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> In this paper we have presented the results of a comparison between the ToBI and the SFG systems for analysing intonation. The goal of this comparison has been to establish equivalents between them. The motivation behind this is to make the two systems collaborate in concept-to-speech generation: Tom is a phonetic-phonological approach to the deseription of intonation, SFG offers a linguistic approach to intonation, tbcusing on the meaningful intonation patterns. ToBI i8 widely used in speech synthesis, SFG is widely used in natural language generation. It seems therefore a promising step to combine the two approaches tbr concept-to-speech generation.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> Through this study we have established some basic matches between SFG tones and ToBI sequences of pitch accents and edge tones. Here, we have concentrated on the SFG tones 1, 2 and 4. We have analysed tones 3 and 5 as well and identified their ToBI equiwdents using the same method (cf. Sections 3 and 4). In the next step we will integrate the SFG description of intonation for English in the existing SFG-based Penman generation system and then interface the FESTIVAL synthesizer with the generator using the correspendences established by our analyses. null In another step of analysis we will look more closely at other kinds of realization of nuclear stresses, such as bitonal pitch accents, to establish whether they reflect linguistic meanings. What also remains to be investigated is the assignment of pitch accents other than the nuclear stress. Nuclear stress can be predicted on the basis of linguistic and pragmatic information, but it is not clear under which conditions other pitch accents should be placed. Our observation above (See. 4) that pitch accents other than the nuclear stress are typically placed on the first syllable of a foot may be a possible motivation.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> We are aware that there is controversy among researchers about rhythm. However, if it turns out that rhythm is a useful concept in the prediction of non-nuclear pitch accents, then we will consider including it in our approach.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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