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<Paper uid="C88-1073">
  <Title>INSTANTIATIONS AND (OBLIGATORY VS. OPTIONAL) ACTANTS</Title>
  <Section position="2" start_page="0" end_page="357" type="ackno">
    <SectionTitle>
2. Instaatiations
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> For each proposition A we assume an additlonal argument place that is filled in by an element e of Eo We say that &amp;quot;e is an Instantiation of A&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;e instantiates A&amp;quot; and write A~\] (Bierwisch (1988), Reichenbach (19#8))o We introduce here a distinction between two types of Instantiations, namely - principal instantiations, representing a semantic emphasis, denoted by e p, - accessory instantlations, denoted by eao For each primitive predicate in a given inventory one Instantiatlon rule has to be formulated. The rules are applied recurslvely and provide a means for &amp;quot;calculating&amp;quot; the Instantlations for complex propositions. The results are network-like structures consistq ing of conditions only on the level of the sets X, E, L and T.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> ACT(x) Is\] |e is an action of x.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> HAVE(x,y)\[e\] , e is a state, that involves x's having (owning, ...) of yo NOT(A) \[e\]$ a condition, that implies ~.&amp;~e\]. It should be note~ that for concrete A's concrete rules can be formulated (preserving presuppositions and certain arguments).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> In the next rules the index i = 1,2 indicates whether the first or the second argumen~ yields the principal Instantlation. For the index j = 1,2 we use ~he convention &amp;quot;j C/ i&amp;quot;o</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5"> This is the rule for simultaneous causation  where one has unity of time and place. CH~NGEi(A1,A2)\[e\]:</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="7"> This preserves the semantic emphasis on A i and allows a new index for the second ~\]T.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="8"> From this rule one obtains the conditions for</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="10"> Note thai; ETk(A,A)\[e\] eq A\[eJ for all k, A and e, BEC has one &amp;quot;degree of freedom&amp;quot; lesso</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="12"> This way )~T becomes an unsymmetric predicatedeg  We illust:eate the notions defined above by a sample of German verbs with three necessary actants: the source x, the goal z, end the (transferred) Object y. Under some simplifications we may assume the following expresslon-scheme as basic pattern for this group:</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="14"> In (1) 16 expressions are summarized, which one may obtain by choosing the upper index of CAUSE, the argument of AOT, the upper Index of CH~GE and the upper index of the second occurrence of ~ in the CHANGEi-~le.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="15"> An occurrence of a predicate in an expression representing a certain sememe is called an inhere~:,.t occurrence, if this occurrence has to be instantiated for a sufficlen~ descriptlon of ~hls sememe. The inherent occur~ fences have to fulfil some condi~ionsl The inheren~ occurrences ~e closed under principal instantiations: If B(..o,A,..o) is an i~herent occurrence of B, and the predicate A yleids the principal insiantia~ion of B, then the uppermost predicate of A is an inherent occurrencedeg The Inheren~ occurrences are closed bottomup: if :In B(deg..,A,...) the occurrence @f the upper.mos~ predicate of A is inherent, then th~ occurrence of B is ~mherento in (I) it is sufficient to mark (after thelr i~stan~ia~:\[e~) both occurrences of ET as prima~ely i~1~rent occurrences (i. e. init(e) a~d fln(e) are necessary). For co~cre~e somemes one may add further inherent occurrences in accordance with the afore~said conditions.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="16"> The possibilities depend on the distribution of principal instantiationso Each element of X occurring in an expression a role can be assigned tos - ACT( ) defines in (I) the role &amp;quot;agent&amp;quot;. By spelling out the second argument of CAUSE in (1) without the details of Instantlatlons we obtain four partial conditions:</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="18"> Here e is the instantiation of CHANGE.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="19"> - The occurrences of x in the first and the third partial expression define together the role &amp;quot;source&amp;quot; for Xo - The occurrences of z in the second and the fourth partial expression define together the role &amp;quot;goal&amp;quot; for Zo - The occurrences of y in the first and the fourth partial expression define together the role &amp;quot;object&amp;quot; for y.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="20"> In this sense we may speak of role defining occurrences. They are independent of the distribution of the hypes of insbantiations.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="21"> Now we are able to formulate the following principle: (2) An actant is obligatory in a certain role iff all its defining occurrences for this role are direct arguments in inherent occurrences of predicates.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="22"> In order to avoid mixing up surface and deep phenomena one should note thaS the arguments of ACT in (1) for the verbs considered under A. ~ H. are subjects (in active voice) and hence &amp;quot;obligatory&amp;quot;. This assigmnent predominates over (2) in passive voice, too: In C. the aciant z e. g. is according to (2) obligatory as goal and agent, but being the subject in active voice, not obligatory in passive voice. The same applies for the subjects in passive voice.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="23"> In (3) we list the first eight possibilities of (1) with the following abbreviations in the corresponding columns:  1. upper index of CAUSE 2o argument 9f ACT 3. upper index of CHANGE and the first ET 4. upper index of the second ET 5. distribution of source, object and goal according to (2) (optional: in brackets)  6. the principal instantions within the predicate CHANGE express an emphasis on BEC(NOT(HAVE(x,y))) : from BEC(HAVE(z,y)) ~ to one argument of CHANGE: from to 7. distribution of the actants taking into account the agent in active voice (3) 1. 2. 3. ~. 5. G. 7.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="25"> G. 1 x 2 2 ((x)y)z to x(y)z H. I x 2 I (x)y(z) from to x y(z) These eight possibilities refer to the following German verbs (among many others): A. wegnehmen, abnehmen (take aw~/of_~f),  entwenden (~, filch) (~) Die Oma nasa (dem Baby) die Schere weg. (5) Er hat (der alien Frau) de~ schweren Koffer abgenommen. (so she needn't carry it) B. besteblen (ro_~b, steal from) (6) Er hat die Frau (um 1OOO Mark ) bestohlen. C. stehlen (steal) (7) Er hat ((der Frau) 1000 ~ark) gestohlen. D. annehmen (~~ (borrow) (8) Rr hat (yon der Frau) 1000 Mark geb orgt. (so he has some money now) E. verschenken (give aw~), ~, ausgebeq (give ou__~t, ~), ausliefern (delive__~r), verleihen (lend (out)) (9) Gebe junge Katzen ab! (somebody wants to get rid of the kittens) (10) Hams ha~ das Spielzeug (an die Kinder) verschenkt. (so he has no toys any more) Fo liefern (delive_~r) (11) Die Firma liefert ~uns) das Papier). G. beschenken ( rp_~nt s. o.), bellefern (furnis____~h, ~) (12) Hans hat die Kinder (mit Spielzeug) beschenkt. (so taey have some toys now) (13) Die Firma bellefert uns (mit Papier).  H. schenken (make A present of s. th. ~o s. o_..__~.), lelhen (lend, not borrow) (I@) Hans schenkte (den Kindern) Spielzeug. There is some support for 6. in (3) by - the resultatlve aspect (a clear difference between A. and D. and between E. and H., on the other hand a great similarity between A. and E. and between D. and H.), - the prefixes, forming three types (&amp;quot;from&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;over&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;to&amp;quot; except be-, vet-, o.o). In German exists a rich system of preftxu derivatives in this group, their detailed examination confirmes the distinctions proposed here. Verbs like Gbernehme~ (tak~ over) or ~bcrgeben, Gberreichen (ban ove___~r) belong to both from-to-cases A. and D. or E. and H., respectivelydeg The remaining eight cases (upper index of CAUSE is 2) represent the passive voice of A. - H. a~d some other verbs, e. g.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="26"> H~ bekommen, erhalten (receiv_~e) (15) Die Kinder bekamen (yon Hans) Spielzeug0 The distribution (x)y(z) (under 5.) turns into (x)y z (under (7.). For these verbs the passive voice is impossibledeg Just the basic verbs nehmen and eb~ (and some more, e. g. fibergeben) do not meet the scheme in every detail: They may occupy sev~ eral positions of show a different distribution or optional ao~ants. It goes without s~ylng that for many of the considered verbs the expression (I) has to be specified, i. eo HAVE is too general. Moreover stealln~ is against the law, presentlng is connected with some benefit of z etc ....</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="27"> The classification of this verb group is in keeping with Schumacher (1986), p. 72d fro Other groups of verbs (e. g. &amp;quot;Informing&amp;quot;~ mitteile~, oo., e rfahren) have been dealt with the same way. Pairs of the type ~o fill the bottle with wate~r and to fill water i~o the bottle Field another confirmation of this formal approach.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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