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<Paper uid="W98-0311">
  <Title>Some Exotic Discourse Markers of Spoken Dialog</Title>
  <Section position="2" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="abstr">
    <SectionTitle>
1 Introduction
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> Back-channel feedback, also called &amp;quot;listener responses'~ is, to a first approximation, those responses produced by one participant which do not interfere with utterances by the other participant. In American English yeah, mm and uh huh are typical back-channel feedback. In Japanese un is most typical.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> This paper summarizes some findings on back-channels and their cues, as primitive examples of discourse markers in spoken dialog. Definitions, details, discussion, and references appear elsewhere (Ward 1996; ~Vard 1998; Ward &amp; Tsukahara to appear:</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> findings arose from our corpora of unrestricted two-person conversations in Japanese and in American English, and might not apply to ta,sk-directed discourses, small talk, multi-party conversations, and conversations with audiences.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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