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<Paper uid="C82-2074">
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INTRODUCING COGITOLOGY
Y=0 I, Z~onlnoOV
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    <Paragraph position="0"> Paoulty of Philolo~, Mosoov University, Moscow, USSR In the course of discernible history it is not too difficult to trace a number of events when some discoveries or inventions - technical by their nature - had an overall and profound impact upon the human society in .general. Probably, the most vivid example of such events is the invention of writing. An event equal in scope and significance has to be confronted by us today. It is the making of the computer.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> Apprehension not only of the technical, but also of the social significance of its appearance was first expressed in 1950 when the classical work of Alan Turing Computing Machinery and Intelli~enoe came out. However, it is only at the present moment that we have come close to being able to appreciate this event adequately and to actually realize the perspectives it has opened. Now we have all the grounds to state that with the arrival of the computer and with l creating the programs which ensure its functioning, we move from the epoch of p~vsioally operating machines into the epoch of machines operating intelligently. Tracing the ways of develolxnent of physically operating machines may provide us with the knowledge which will become helpful for the conception of what is to be expected in the develol~nent of intelligently operating machines and even for the purposeful direction of th;La prooees~ The aforesaid may be regarded as the genersl introduction to the problem= und~ discussion at the present oonferen- 302 ce, and, ix~regardlese of how general it ~ be, it bears a direct relation to them.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> The conference is devoted to computational linguistics and to a considerable extent its task is to elucidate how the latter is related to computational sciences as such, to mathematics, to linguistics proper, to artificial intelligence and so forth~ Behind these scientific disciplines lie suchalthough unmentioned, yet ever-present-entitles, categories and phenomena as intelligence, thou~ht, consciousness, memor~ comprehension, knowledge and many others which are indispensable for solving the problems to be discussed.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> Let us begin with raising the question of what is computational linguistics, whether it has a clearly outlined field of research, and why it is necessary to establish its relation to the disciplines named in the program. It could balmily be claimed that computational llD~Lstice is none the other than linguistics employing means of computation (hardware and software) for solving strictly linguistic tasks. The same refers to computational semantics, computational spntax (parsing), and Compu~ations~ phonetics (automatic recognition of acoustic images). Taken as a whole as well as in its subdivisions, computational linguistics is only a component in the complex domain of investigations which ultimately serves the purpose of building various types of intelligently operating machines. Taken as such it does not virtually exist or, at a~ rate, does not require to be singled out as an autonomous discipline. In point of fact, it is conceived only in the context of other scientific disciplines brought together by the common striving for solving the common task. That is why it u~gently requires establishing end defining its relationships with the other participants of the mentioned complex domain of investigation, It follows from what has been said above that, since this new object of investigation has been singled out, it - 303 should be respectively outlined, and thus it requires defining its boundaries and its theoretical foundation with sufficient precision. This is to a great extent hampered by the fact that we deal here, as has already been said, with a complex scientific formation or, in other words, with a domain of interdisciplinary studies. This interdisciplinary domain has been repeatedly referred to as the cognitive science. For the sake of convenience, this descriptive term should be preferably replaced by a more compact one, vi_~z. degcogitolo~ deg . The composition of cogitology varies with various authors but as its indispensable components are mentioned lin@lzistics, psychology, theory of knowledge (epistemology), and computer sciences. Within the framework of cogitology all these disciplines do not enter into scientific cclloboration in order to ~ize mechanically or make into a whole the results of examining the same object in different aspects. Complex scientific formations are Justified only if they provide the investigator with new tools of cognition which cannot be provided by any of the oolloborating disciplines taken separately. Such formations make severe demands in accordance with which definitions of their categories should be equally acceptable for all cclleboreting disciplines or - what is the ease should lie outside their autonomous or specific goals.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4"> Th~s computational linguistics is linguistics in that form which it acquires in cogitology, being its fundamental component. In its totality, cogitology makes the theoretical foundation for building various kinds of intelligently operating machines.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5"> The basic and mutually determined categories of cogitolo~ are intelligence, knowledge, langu~e. None of these categories has a precise and indisputable definition. In this situation one has to proceed from some working definitions whose suitableness is verified by subsequent practical research. It see~ acceptable in these circumstances to define intelli- 304 genoe as an inherent in ltviug organisms mechanism of generating knowledge and its purposeful realization in the interaction of an organism with the environment of its functioning. Here by environment is meant the sum total of pb,Tsical, social, and spiritual factors which an organism meets with in the process of its vital activity.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="6"> Owi~ to its diversity, to provide a more or less unequivocal definition of knowledge is more difficult, a. a matter of fact, the primary goal of oo~tolo~ as the theoretical foandatton for fulfilling the task posed above is the description of the nature, shape, and scope of human knowledge. At this stake of cominK into being, co~tolo~ .has to deal only with those kinds of knowledge which possess the qualities of objectiveness, which are endorsed by memory, and which are discrete in form.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="7"> All these characteristics are acquired by knowledge through the instrumentality of language. To them it also adds interpretation of knowledge since in the endorsing it by memory as well as in the process of makinK it discrete one has to deal with choice and since the knowledge the machine operates with has to be applied to concrete real world situations which can be interpreted in a different waydeg When we speak about building intelligently operating machines, two 4,nportant factors should be taken into account.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="8"> Hachines of this kind can-or imitate man's intellectual activities in their entirety but are employed to perform separate aspects, parameters, or &amp;quot;Jobs&amp;quot; of human intellect (intelltgence): Due to this separateness the mechanism of their functionink should inswltably differ from the way this work is performed i~ the inner tnterconnections and in the context of the total complex struo~turo of human intelligencedeg ~n Identification can.be drawn here only with respect to final &amp;quot;products'deg And, as the history of oreattnK physically operatinK machines teaches us, intell~gently operating machines are not built to merely imitate some deg.lobs&amp;quot; of human intelligence, but in order &amp;quot; - 305 z null to increase their workin~ potentials. Besides, ~udglng from the experience with physically operating machines with their power almost infinitely intensified where we are confronted with not merely technical or social problems but with the problem of the existence of man or of the surwlval of the life on the earth in general~ already at this stage in the development of intelligently operating machines utmost caution is absolutely essential.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="9"> - 306 -</Paragraph>
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